Uqwalasele ngokugqithiseleyo kwiZikolo eziMkhulu zengqondo
Xa i-psychology yokuqala ivela njengesazinzi ezahlukileyo kwi-biology kunye nefilosofi, ingxoxo malunga nendlela yokuchaza nokucacisa ingqondo kunye nokuziphatha komntu kwaqala. Izikolo ezahlukeneyo zengqondo zimelela iingcamango eziphambili kwiengqondo.
Isikolo sokuqala sengcamango, isakhiwo, sasinxulunyaniswa ngumsunguli webhu yokuqala kwengqondo, uWilhelm Wundt .
Ngokukhawuleza, ezinye iingcamango zaqala ukuvela kwaye ziphila ngokulawula kwizesengqondweni.
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, izazi zeengqondo zidla ngokuzikhethela kuphela kwisikolo esinye sengcinga. Namhlanje, abaninzi abanokholo kwengqondo banemibono eclectic kwi-psychology. Ngokuqhelekileyo badonsa kwiingcamango kunye neengcamango ezivela kwizikolo ezahlukahlukeneyo kunokubamba nantoni na.
Ezi zilandelayo zezikolo eziphambili zengcinga eziye zathonya ulwazi lwethu nokuqonda kwengqondo:
Ulungelelwaniso kunye nokusebenza: Izikolo zokuqala zokuCinga
Ulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo lubhekwa ngokubanzi njengesikolo sokuqala sengcinga kwingqondo. Lo mbono ujolise ekuphuleni iinkqubo zengqondo kwizinto ezisisiseko. Abacinga kakhulu ababandakanya ukulungiswa kwezinto kubandakanya uWilhelm Wundt no-Edward Titchener. Ukugxilwa kwendlela yokwakha kwenzelwe ukunciphisa iinkqubo zengqondo kwizinto zazo eziphambili. Abakhi bezakhiwo basebenzise ubugcisa njengento yokufaka ingcamango ukuhlalutya iinkqubo zangaphakathi zengqondo yomntu.
Imisebenzi yenziwe njengendlela yokusabela kwiingcamango zesikolo sendlela yokucinga kwaye yayiphenjelelwa ngumsebenzi kaWilliam James . Ngokungafani nezinye zezikolo eziyaziwayo kwiingqondo, ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi akuhambelani nomnye umntu ongu-theorist. Kunoko, kukho iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zomsebenzi ezinxulumene nalo mbono kuquka uJohn Dewey , uJames Rowland Angell noHarvey Carr.
Nangona kunjalo, uMongameli uDavid Hothersall uthi, ukuba ezinye iimbali-mlando zize zibuze nokuba umsebenzi ufanele uthathwa njengesikolo esisemthethweni seengqondo ngexesha lonke ukungabikho komgaqo-siseko okanye isicwangciso seengcamango esisemthethweni.
Esikhundleni sokugxila kwiinkqubo zengqondo ngokwazo, abacingi be-functionalist babenomdla kwinxaxheba ezi zidlala.
Gestalt Psychology
Ingqondo ye-Gestalt isikolo sengqondo esekelwe kwingcamango yokuba sinokufumana izinto ezinjengee-oles. Le ndlela yokusebenza kwengqondo yaqala eJamani naseAustria ngasekupheleni kweXesha le-19 ekuphenduleni indlela yokwenza i-molecular of structuralism. Esikhundleni sokuphula iingcamango nokuziphatha kwizinto zabo ezincinci, iingcali zengqondo ze-gestalt zikholelwa ukuba kufuneka ukhangele lonke amava. Ngokutsho kweGestalt ingcinga, lonke likhulu kunexabiso leziqendu zalo.
Isikolo soBomi besiCwangciso kwiNzululwazi
Ukuziphatha kwakuba sisikolo esiphambili sengcamango ngawo-1950. Kwakusekelwe kumsebenzi wabacebisi njengale:
Ukuziphatha kubonisa ukuba zonke iindlela zokuziphatha zingachazwa zizizathu ezingqongileyo kunokuba zibangelwa yimikhosi yangaphakathi. Ukuziphatha kujoliswe ekuziphatheni okubonakalayo .
Iingcamango zokufunda ezibandakanya isimo sengqondo kunye nesimo sokusebenza sasisigxina sezinto ezininzi zophando.
Isikolo sokuziphatha sengqondo sineempembelelo enkulu kwikhosi yeengqondo, kwaye ezininzi iingcamango nezakhono ezivela kwesi sikolo sengcamango zisasetyenziswa kakhulu namhlanje. Uqeqesho lokuziphatha, uqoqosho lwamaqhosha, unyango lwe-aversion kunye nezinye iindlela zisoloko zisetyenziselwa kwi-psychotherapy kunye neenkqubo zokuguqula ukuziphatha.
Isikolo seChsychoanalytic of Thought
I-Psychoanalysis sisikolo sengqondo esekwe nguSigmund Freud . Esi sikolo sengcamango sagxininise impembelelo yengqondo engakwaziyo ukuziphatha.
UFrud wayekholelwa ukuba ingqondo yomntu yenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu: id, i-ego, kunye ne-superego . I-id iququzelelwa ngokubalulekayo ngelixa i-ego yinkalo yobuntu obuhlawulwe ngokujongana nenyaniso. I-superego yincinci yobuntu obambe zonke iinjongo kunye nemilinganiselo esiyifumene nabazali bethu nenkcubeko. UFrud wayekholelwa ukuba ukusebenzisana kwezi zinto zintathu bekukhokelela kuzo zonke iingxaki zabantu.
Isikolo sokucinga sikaFreud sasinamandla kakhulu, kodwa savelisa ingxoxo enkulu. Lo mbambano wawungekho kuphela ngexesha lakhe, kodwa nakwiingxoxo zanamhlanje zeengcamango zikaFranud. Ezinye iingcinga ezinkulu ze-psychoanalytic ziquka:
Isikolo se-Humanistic of Thought
I-Psychology ye-Humanistic yenziwa njengempendulo ye-psychoanalysis nokuziphatha. I-psychology ye-Humanistic kunoko kugxininise kwiintando zomntu ngamnye, ukukhula komntu kunye nomxholo wokuziphendulela . Nangona izikolo zasekuqaleni zengcamango zazijoliswe ekuziphatheni okungavamile komntu, iingqondo zesintu zahluke kakhulu ekugxinineni ekuncedeni abantu ukufeza nokuzalisekisa amandla abo.
Iingcamango ezinkulu zabantu ziquka:
I-Psychology ye-Humanistic isoloko idume kakhulu namhlanje kwaye inefuthe elibalulekileyo kwezinye iindawo zengqondo, kubandakanywa nokusebenza kwengqondo . Eli sebe lithile leengqondo lijolise ekuncediseni abantu abaphila ubomi obonwabileyo, ubomi obuzalisekileyo.
ICognitive School of Psychology
Iingqondo zeengqondo zikolo zesikolo ezenza iinkqubo zengqondo kuquka indlela abantu bacinga ngayo, bayayiqonda, bakhumbule baze bafunde. Njengengxenye yentsimi enkulu yesayensi yolwazi, eli sebe leengqondo lihlobene nezinye iinqununu ezibandakanya i-neuroscience, ifilosofi kunye neelwimi.
Ingqondo yengqondo yaqala ukuvela ngexesha lama-1950, ngokukodwa njengempendulo yokuziphatha. Abagxeki bokuziphatha baqaphele ukuba behlulekile ukuphendula malunga nendlela iinkqubo zangaphakathi ezichaphazela ngayo ukuziphatha. Eli thuba ngamanye amaxesha libhekiswa ngokuthi "inguqulelo engqondweni" njengoko ubuninzi bezophando ngezihloko ezifana nokucwangciswa kolwazi, ulwimi, imemori kunye nokuqonda kwaqala ukuvela.
Enye yeengcamango ezinempembelelo kakhulu yesi sikolo sengcamango kwakuyizigaba zeengcamango zophuhliso lweengcamango ezicetywayo nguJean Piaget.
ILizwi
Nangona ezinye zezikolo zengcamango ziye zaphela ekugqibeleni, ngamnye uye waba nempembelelo kwindlela yophuhliso lweengqondo. Ezinye izikolo zakutshanje zengqondo, kubandakanya ukuziphatha kunye neengqondo zengqondo, zihlala zinempembelelo. Namhlanje, abaninzi abanokholo kwengqondo abazivumelananga kuphela nesinye isikolo sokucinga. Esikhundleni saloo nto, bangathatha indlela eclectic eyongezelelekileyo, ukudweba kwiindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nemvelaphi yeemfundiso.
> Imithombo:
> Hergenhahn, BR. Isingeniso kwiNkcazo ye-Psychology. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth; 2009.
> Wertheimer, M. Imbali emfutshane ye-Psychology. INew York: I-Psychology Press; 2012.