U-Edward C. Tolman uyayaziwa kakhulu ngokuziphatha ngendlela engqondweni, uphando lwakhe kumaphu amacatshulwa, imfundiso yokufunda ngokukhawuleza kunye nenjongo yokutshintsha okungafaniyo. UTolman wazalelwa ngo-Apreli 14, 1886, waza wafa ngoNovemba 19, 1959.
Yintoni ukuziphatha koCognitive?
I-ctnitive therapy (CBT) yinto eqhelekileyo yonyango lwentetho ( psychotherapy ). Usebenza nomcebisi wezempilo yengqondo (isifo sengqondo okanye umphathiswa) ngendlela ehleliweyo, ukuya kwinani elilinganiselwe leeseshoni.
I-CBT ikunceda ukuba uqaphele ukucinga okungalungile okanye okubi ukuze ukhangele iimeko ezinzima ngokucacileyo kwaye uphendule kubo ngendlela efanelekileyo.
I-CBT ingaba luncedo kakhulu ekuphatheni izifo zempilo yengqondo, ezifana nokudandatheka, ukuphazamiseka kwengxaki yokuhamba kwengxaki (post-traumatic disorder disorder (PTSD) okanye isifo sokugula. Kodwa akusiyo wonke umntu ozuza kwi-CBT enempilo yengqondo. Ingaba yinto esebenzayo yokunceda nabani na ukuba bafunde indlela yokuphucula kakuhle imeko yokuxinwa kweengxaki.
Ubomi bokuqala bukaEdward C. Tolman
U-Tolman ekuqaleni waqala ubomi bakhe bezemfundo ngokufunda i-physics, mathematics, kunye ne-chemistry kwi-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Emva kokufunda iWilliam James Iimigaqo-Psychology , wagqiba ekubeni atshintshe ingqalelo ekufundweni kwengqondo . Wabhalisa eHarvard apho wayesebenza khona ebhodini likaHugo Munsterberg . Ukongezelela kokunyanzeliswa nguYakobi, kamva wachaza ukuba umsebenzi wakhe wathonywa kakhulu nguKurt Koffka noKurt Lewin .
Waphumelela ngeF.D. ngowe-1915.
Umsebenzi kaTolman kunye negalelo kwiNzululwazi
U-Tolman mhlawumbi uyaziwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi wakhe kunye neenkizi kunye nama-mazes. Umsebenzi kaTolman unzima umngeni wokuziphatha ukuba zonke iindlela zokuziphatha nokufunda zibangelwa ngumzekelo wesisiseko-mpendulo.
Kwimvavanyo yeklasi, iifos zenza umqolo kwiintsuku eziliqela.
Emva koko, indlela eqhelekileyo ababeyithatha yayivinjelwe. Ngokubhekiselele kumbono wokuziphatha, iingqungquthela zazakhele imibutho malunga nokuba zeziphi iziphathamandla ezaziqinisiwe kwaye ezingekho. Endaweni yoko, uTolman wafumanisa ukuba iilitsi zenze imephu yengqondo yoluhlu, ivumela ukuba bakhethe indlela entsha eya kubakhokelela kumvuzo.
Ingcamango yakhe yokufunda ngokukhawuleza ibonisa ukuba ukufunda kwenzeka nangona kungekho kuqiniswa . Ukufunda kwexesha eliqhelekileyo akusoloko kubonakala ngexesha, kodwa oko kubonakala kamva kwiimeko apho kuyadingeka khona.
Iingcamango zikaTolman malunga nokufunda okufutshane kunye neemaphu zamacatshulwa zancedisa indlela yokunyuka kwengqondo kwengqondo.
Iimbasa zeTolman kunye nokuHlukana
- Ngo-1937, uTolman wabizwa nguMongameli we- American Psychological Association .
- Ngowe-1940, waba ngusihlalo we-Lewin's Society kwi-Psychological Study of Social issues.
- Ngo-1949, wabizwa ngokuba ngumntu we-American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
- Ngomnyaka we-1957, wathabatha ibhaso elikhethekileyo kwi-APA ngeminikelo yakhe kwisayensi.
> Imithombo:
Clinical Mayo. UChnitive Behavioral Treatment. http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/home/ovc-20186868