Ezinye zeempembelelo zakuqala kwiSyythyr
Xa isingqo-ngqondo saqala ukuqala njengesayensi eyahlula kwi-biology kunye nefilosofi, ingxoxo malunga nendlela yokuchaza nokucacisa ingqondo yomntu kunye nokuziphatha kwakhe kwaqala. Izikolo ezibini zokuqala zeengqondo ezibonakalayo ngeli xesha zaziwa ngokuba yindlela yokwakha kunye nokusebenza. Ngoxa kungekho nanye yezi zikolo ezithatha ixesha elide njengoko i-psychology iqhubekela phambili njengenzululwazi, zenze igalelo elibalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kweengqondo zanamhlanje.
Ulungelelwaniso, ukuSebenza, kunye neMvelaphi yeSychology
Ulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo lwavela njengesikolo sokuqala sengcamango kunye nezinye iimbono ezihambelana nesikolo sezakhiwo zikhuthazwe ngumsunguli webhu yokuqala kwengqondo , uWilhelm Wundt . Omnye wabafundi bakaWundt, indoda egama linguEdward B. Titchener , wayeza kuhamba ngokukhawuleza aze aqambe igama lobunjwa, nangona waqhekeza kwiimbono ezininzi zeWundt kwaye ngamanye amaxesha wayedlulisa iimfundiso zomcebisi wakhe.
Ngokukhawuleza ezinye iingcamango zenzeke ukuze zibuse ekulawuleni kwengqondo. Ekuphenduleni kwesakhiwo, imbonakalo yaseMelika eyaziwa ngokuba yimisebenzi yavela kwiingcinga ezifana noCharles Darwin noWilliam James.
Ngomnyaka we-1906, uMary Whiton Calkins wapapasha i-article kwi- Psychological Review ecela ukuxolelana phakathi kwezi zikolo zibini. Ulungelelaniso kunye nokusebenza kwakungeyona ndlela eyahlukileyo, wathi, kuba bobabini babecala ngokuzimela.
Nangona kunjalo, icala ngalinye laqhubeka likhupha elinye. UWilliam James wabhala ukuba i-structuralism "yayininzi isikolo, kodwa ingacingi," kanti uWilhelm Wundt wagxothisa umsebenzi "njengeencwadi" kunokuba isayensi.
Ekugqibeleni, ezi zikolo zengcamango zalahlekelwa ngongoma kwizengqondo, zatshintshwa ngokunyuka kweendlela zokuziphatha , i- psychoanalysis , ubuntu , kunye neengqondo zengqondo ngokuqala kunye nendawo ephakathi kwekhulu le-20.
Ukuze uqonde indlela ezi zikolo zokuqala zengcamango ezichaphazela ngayo inkcazo yeengqondo, masiqwalasele ngakumbi.
Yayiyintoni Isakhiwo?
Ulwakhiwo lweso sikolo sokuqala sengqondo kunye nokugxila kwiinkqubo zengqondo kwizinto ezisisiseko. Abaphandi bazama ukuqonda izinto ezisisiseko zokuqonda ngokusebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi- introspection .
UWilhelm Wundt, umsunguli webhu yokuqala kwengqondo, udla ngokudibanisa nesi sikolo sengcamango nangona kunjalo ukuba wayengumfundi wakhe, u-Edward B. Titchener, oqale waqulunqa eli gama ukuchaza lesi sikolo sokucinga.
Nangona umsebenzi weWundt uncedisa ukusekwa kwengqondo njengezenzululwazi ezahlukileyo kunye neendlela ezizenzekelayo kwiingqondo zengqondo, uWundt ngokwakhe wayebhekiselele kwimbono yakhe yengqondo njengevolontiya kunye neengcamango zakhe zazixhomekeke ngaphezu kweengcamango ezazisenziwa yiTitchener e-United States. Uphuhliso lwe-Titchener lwezakhiwo lwanceda ukuseka "isikolo" sokuqala sengqondo, kodwa isakhiwo ngokwazo asizange siphele ixesha lokufa kukaTitchener.
Amandla kunye neeCriticisms of Structuralism
Ngeendlela zanamhlanje zenzululwazi, iindlela zokulinga ezisetyenziselwa ukufunda iinjongo zengqondo zazizithoba-ukusetyenziswa kwe-introspection kwakhokelela ekungabikho kokuthembeka kwiziphumo.
Abanye abagxeki bathi ukulungiswa komsebenzi kwakuxhalabele ngokuziphatha kwangaphakathi, okungaqwalaselwa ngokuthe ngqo kwaye ayikwazi ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ezi zicalulo azithethi ukuba ukulungiswa kwezakhiwo kwakungabalulekanga. Ulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo lubalulekile kuba liziko lokuqala lokufunda ngengqondo. Isikolo sezakhiwo sathintela nokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yengqondo.
Yayiyiphi Imisebenzi?
Ukusebenza ngokusemgangathweni kwenziwe njengendlela yokusabela kwisakhiwo kwaye yayithinteke kakhulu ngumsebenzi kaWilliam James kunye nenkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaCharles Darwin. Abafundi basebenzayo bafuna ukuchaza iinkqubo zengqondo ngendlela echanekileyo nechanekileyo.
Esikhundleni sokugxila kwiinkalo zengqondo, iingcali zijolise kwiinjongo zokuqonda nokuziphatha. Ukusebenza ngokusemgangathweni kwagxininisa ukungafani komntu, okuye kwachaphazela kakhulu imfundo.
Abanye babalingani abalulekayo babandakanya uWilliam James , uJohn Dewey , uHarvey Carr noJohn Angell.
Amandla kunye neeCriticisms of Functionalism
Ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni kwagxeka mhlawumbi ininzi iWundt. "Zincwadi, kulungile, kodwa akusiyo ingqondo," watsho ngo-workmanist uWilliam James ' Iinqununu zeNzululwazi .
Ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwakuyimpembelelo ebalulekileyo kwingqondo. Kwachaphazela ukuphuhliswa kokuziphatha nokusetyenziswa kwengqondo. Ukusebenza kwemisebenzi kwathintela inkqubo yemfundo, ingakumbi ngokubhekiselele kwinkolelo kaYohn Dewey yokuba abantwana bafanele bafunde kwinqanaba abayilungiselele ngalo.
ILizwi
Ngelixa lezi zikolo zakuqala zengcamango zihlala zikhona namhlanje, zombini zineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo ekuphumeni kwengqondo njengesi-sayensi yanamhlanje. I-Wundt neTitchener yakha igalelo ekuqhubekeni kwenzululwazi yenzululwazi engakumbi, ngelixa umsebenzi kaYakobi uncedisa ukugxilwa kwengqondo kwiinkqubo zokusombulula iingxaki zangempela. Ngokuqonda ukugxilwa kwezakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi, unokufumana ukuxabisa okukhulu indlela i-psychology efike ngayo kwinqanaba namhlanje.
> Imithombo:
> Ukuxhoma, uR & Rutherford, A. AbaPhayona beNzululwazi: Imbali. ENew York: WW Norton; 2012.
> Schultz, DP & Schultz, SE. Imbali Yeengqondo Zanamhlanje. IBoston, MA: UkuFunda kweCengage; 2016.