Ukujonga ngakumbi Abafazi kwiSyychology
I-Psychology iye yahlala igxininisa kwiminikelo yeengqondo zesintu ezifana neSigmund Freud, uBF Skinner, uJohn B. Watson kunye nabanye abacinga. Ngelishwa, igalelo elibalulekileyo leengcali zengqondo zentombi zihlala zinganakwa kwiincwadi zengqondo. Kwakukho abaninzi abasetyhini ngeengqondo, nangona kunjalo, ababenomsebenzi obalulekileyo kwaye banceda ukuma ukuphuhliswa kwintsimi yengqondo.
Ziphi na zonke iiNkwenkwezi kwiMbali yeZengqondo?
Ngelixa ufunda imbali yokuqala yeengqondo, ungase uzibuze ukuba zonke iingcali zengqondo zakudala zazingamadoda. Ukubaluleka kweengcamango zomntu kwizintlu zobungcali boovulindlela bokuqala kwengqondo ngokuqinisekileyo kubangela ukuba kubonakale njalo, kodwa into yokuba abafazi baye babenegalelo kwizengqondo ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala. Uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba ekuqaleni kwee-1900, i-1 kuzo zonke iingcali ze-10 zase-United States yayingumfazi.
Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi balaba basetyhini abaphayona kwengqondo bajongene nocalucalulo, imiqobo kunye nobunzima. Abaninzi babengavunyelwe ukuba bafunde kunye namadoda, bavunyelwe ukuba bafunde, okanye bafumene nzima ukukhusela izikhundla eziza kubavumela ukuba baphando kwaye bapapashe.
Abasetyhini baye benza igalelo elibalulekileyo kunye neengcambu ekusetyenzisweni kwengqondo, kaninzi nangona bajongene nokucalulwa okukhulu ngenxa yesondo sabo. Aba bafazi bafanelwe ukuba baqaphele umsebenzi wabo wokuphayona. Ezi zilandelayo zimbalwa zabasetyhini abancedisa ukubeka i-psychology.
1 - Mary Whiton Calkins
UMary Whiton Calkins wafunda eHarvard, nangona akazange avunyelwe ukuba avunyelwe ngokusemthethweni. Wafunda nabanye beengcamango ezibalaseleyo zexesha kuquka uWilliam James noHugo Munsterberg kwaye bagqiba zonke iimfuno zesigqirha. Nangona kunjalo, uHarvard wenqaba ukumnika idigri ngenxa yokuba wayeyindoda.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba, uCalkins waqhubeka waba ngumongameli wokuqala wesifazane we-American Psychological Association. Ngethuba lomsebenzi wakhe, wabhala ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini amaphepha eengcali kwizinto zengqondo, wavelisa ubuchule bokubambisana, waza waziwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi wakhe kwindawo yokuzicima kwengqondo.
Ngoxa iHarvard inokuthi ingavumi ukumnika iqondo eliyifumene ngokufanelekileyo, loo nto ayizange ibeke iCalkins ekubeni yintsiphelo yengqondo.
2 - u-Anna Freud
Xa abaninzi abantu beva igama elithi Freud, uSigmund mhlawumbi igama lokuqala eliza engqondweni. Nangona kunjalo, intombi eyaziwayo ye-psychoanalyst u-Anna yayingumntu owaziwayo kwaye onamandla onokholo kwengqondo ngokwakhe. U-Anna Freud akazange nje akhulise kwiingcamango zikayise, naye wavelisa intsimi yengqondo yengqondo yabantwana kwaye waba nomthelela kwabanye abacingayo kuquka u- Erik Erikson .
Phakathi kwezinto ezininzi ezifezekileyo zizisa iindlela zokukhusela kunye nokwandisa umdla kummandla wengqondo yengqondo yabantwana.
3 - uMary Ainsworth
UMary Ainsworth wayeyintloko ebalulekileyo yengqondo yengqondo. Umsebenzi wakhe wabonisa ukubaluleka kokunxibelelana kobomi obunempilo kwaye wayenguvulindlela ekusebenziseni ubuchule obubizwa ngokuba yi-"Strange Situation".
Kuphando lwakhe kumanyaniswa kunye nomntwana kunye nokusebenzisana, u-Ainsworth uza kuba nomama nomntwana ehleli kwigumbi elingaqhelekanga. Abaphandi baya kubona ukuphendula komntwana kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo kuquka umfo ongena kwigumbi, eshiywe yedwa nomfokazi, kwaye umama abuyele egumbini.
Umsebenzi we-Ainsworth wokuguqulwa kwamanzi wawunempembelelo enkulu ekuqondeni kwethu iindlela zokudibanisa kunye nendlela ezi ndlela zithintela ngayo ekuhambeni kamva ebomini.
4 - I-STATE Stetter Hollingworth
U-Stetter Hollingworth wayengumvulindlela wokuqala weengqondo kwi-United States. Wafunda kunye noEdward Thorndike waza wenza igama ngokuphanda kwakhe kwiingqondi kunye nabantwana abanesakhono.
Omnye weminikelo yakhe ebalulekileyo ngaba uphando lwakhe malunga neengqondo zabasetyhini. Iingcamango eziphambili ngexesha lokuba ngabafazi babesengqondweni engaphantsi kwabesilisa kwaye ngokusemthethweni bengenasiphene xa besesesikhathini. I-Hollingworth inselele le ngqiqo kwaye uphando lwakhe lubonise ukuba abafazi babenengqiqo kwaye banako njengamadoda, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liphi ixesha leenyanga.
Ukufezekisa kwakhe okuninzi mhlawumbi kuyamangalisa ngokuqwalasela ukuba akazange nje abhekane nemingcipheko enkulu ngenxa yokucwaswa ngokwesini, naye wafa eneminyaka engama-53. Nangona ubomi bwanqanyulwa, impembelelo yakhe kunye neminikelo yakhe kwintsimi yeengqondo yayimangalisa.
5 - uKaren Horney
UKaren Horney wayengumdlali onobuchopho be- Psydian-Freudian owaziwa kuye uthatha ingqondo yengqondo. Xa u- Sigmund Freud udla ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba abafazi bafumana "umona wesibindi," uHorney wabiza ukuba amadoda ahlupheke "kwisibeleko somona" kwaye zonke izenzo zabo ziqhutyelwa yimfuneko yokugqithisa ukuba bangakwazi ukuzala abantwana.
Ukuchasana kwakhe kweengcamango zeFrud kuncede ukuba banake ngakumbi ingqalelo kwengqondo yabasetyhini. Iingcamango zakhe zeemfuno ze-neurotic kunye nenkolelo yakhe yokuba abantu banako ukuthatha inxaxheba yabo kwimpilo yabo yengqondo ziphakathi kweminye iminye iminikelo yakhe ensimini yengqondo.
6 - uMelanie Klein
Ukudlala unyango luyindlela eqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo ukubanceda abantwana baveze iimvakalelo zabo kunye namava ngendlela engokwemvelo neyomnceda. Esebenzisa kakhulu namhlanje, umntu onengqondo wengqondo ogama linguMelanie Klein wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni le ndlela. Ngomsebenzi wakhe nabantwana, waqaphela ukuba abantwana basebenzisa ixesha lokudlala njengenye yeendlela zabo zokuqala zokunxibelelana.
Ukususela ekubeni abantwana abancinci abakwaziyo ukusetyenziswa kweendlela eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo ezifana nohlobo lwamahhala, uKlein waqalisa ukusebenzisa uphando lwezonyango njengendlela yokuphanda iimvakalelo ezingenakuqonda, abantwana kunye namava.
Umsebenzi kaKlein wabangela ukungavumelani okukhulu no-Anna Freud, owayekholelwa ukuba abantwana abanakukwazi ukugula ngengqondo. UKlein wacebisa ukuba ukuhlalutya izenzo zengane ngexesha lokudlala kwanika ithuba lokuba uphando luhlolisise indlela amaxhala ahlukahlukeneyo athatha ngayo uphuhliso lwe-ego kunye ne-superego.
Namhlanje, i- psychoanalysis yeKleinian ithathwa njengenye yezona zikolo eziphambili zengcamango engqondweni ye-psychoanalysis.
7 - UMamie Phipps Clark
Ukuba ufunde ngoMamie Phipps Clark kwiincwadi zakho zezifundo, mhlawumbi igama lakhe lithetha kuphela ngokudlula. Oku kuyilusizi kuba uCarkk wenza iminikelo ebalulekileyo kwi-psychology, kuquka ukuphuculwa kovavanyo lukaClark Doll, uphando lwakhe ngohlanga, kunye nendima yakhe kwi-case ye-1954 yeBrown kunye neBhodi yeMfundo .
UClak waba ngowokuqala umfazi omnyama ukuba athole idigri e-Columbia University. Nangona kukho ukubandlululwa okukhulu ngokusekelwe kwintlanga yakhe kunye nobulili bakhe, uClark waqhubeka waba ngumbono weengqondo. Uphando lwakhe malunga nolwahlulo ngokobuhlanga kunye nokuzithemba ngokwabo kuncedisa indlela yophando olusasa kwiingcamango zabo.
8 - Christine Ladd-Franklin
Indima kaChristin Ladd-Franklin njengenkokelikazi yesetyhini kwengqondo yaqala kwasekuqaleni ebomini njengoko bobabini noninakazi bebancedisayo abanamalungelo amabhinqa amalungelo. Le ntshukumo yangaphambili yayingamnceda nje ukuba aphumelele entsimini yakhe nangona kukho inkcaso echasayo, kwaphinde yaphefumlela umsebenzi wakhe kamva ukukhuthaza amalungelo amabhinqa kwimfundo.
ULadd-Franklin yayinezinto ezinomdla ezibandakanya i-psychology, logic, mathematics, physics, kunye neenkwenkwezi. Wayecelisa enye yeengcali zengqondo zesintu zolu suku, u-Edward Titchener, ngokungavumeli abafazi ukuba baye kwiqela lakhe kubadlali bezakhono kwaye bahlakulela imbono enempembelelo yombono.
Wafunda kuJohn Hopkins waza wagqiba incwadi ethi "The Algebra Logic." Nangona kunjalo, isikolo asizange avumele abesifazane ukuba bafumane i-Ph.D. ngela xesha. Wayechitha ixesha eJamani efunda noHermann von Helmholtz kunye no-Artur Konig kwaye ekugqibeleni balahla zombini imibono yabo yombala ukuze bahlakulele. Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1926, iminyaka engama-42 emva kokugqiba ukukhutshwa kwakhe, uJohn Hopkins wamnika idigate ye-doctorate ayifumene ngokufanelekileyo.
Namhlanje, ukhunjulwa ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe kokufunda kwengqondo kunye nempembelelo yakhe njengowesifazane ophayona kwintsimi ekulawulwa ngabantu.
9 - UMargaret Floy Washburn
UMargaret Floy Washburn wayengowesifazane wokuqala ukuba anikezelwe iF.D. kwi Psychology. Waqhuba izifundo zakhe eziphambili kunye no-Edward B. Tichener kwaye wayengumfundi wokuqala wokufunda. Njengabasetyhini abaninzi kuloluhlu, umsebenzi wakhe kwingqondo yengqondo yenzeka ngexesha apho abafazi bevame ukuphika isikhundla kwiziko lemfundo ngokusekelwe kwesini. Nangona kunjalo, waba ngumcwaningi ohlonishwayo, umbhali kunye nomfundisi.
Iinjongo zophando eziphambili zikwimiba yeenkcukacha zezilwanyana kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko zokuphila. Wakhuthaza kakhulu ingqondo yokuqhathanisa kwaye yavelisa imfundiso yendlela yokuqonda ukubonisa ukuba ukunyakaza komzimba kwaba nefuthe kwingcamango.
10 - uEleanor Maccoby
Igama lika-Eleanor Maccoby cishe liyaziwayo nawuphi na owake wafunda uphando lwezesayensi. Umsebenzi wakhe woovulindlela kwiengqondo zengxabano zesondo zadlala indima enkulu ekuqondeni kwethu kwangoku ngezinto ezifana nokuhlalisana kwabantu, iinjongo zezinto eziphilayo malunga nokungafani ngesini, kunye neendibano zesini.
Wayeyindoda yokuqala yokusilela isebe lezesengqondweni kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford kwaye, ngokuchaza kwakhe, umfazi wokuqala ukuba athethe intetho eStanford egqoke ipantsuit. Uyaqhubeka nokubeka isikhundla njengoprofesa ovela eStanford kwaye uye wafumana amanqaku amaninzi ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe wokubhukuda, kuquka iMbali ye-Maccoby Award egama lakhe.