I-Wundt yeCopic Technique
I-Introspection isetyenziswa rhoqo kwiilwimi zemihla ngemihla ukuze ibhekisele kwinkqubo yokujonga ngaphakathi, kodwa eli xesha lisebenza kwinkqubo eyenziwe ngokwengeziwe eyasetyenziswa njengendlela yokulinga. Ukusetyenziswa kovavanyo lokusasaza kufana noko ungakwenza xa uhlalutya iingcamango zakho neemvakalelo kodwa ngendlela ehleleke ngakumbi.
Yintoni Ukwazisa?
Igama elithi introspection lingasetyenziselwa ukuchaza inkqubo yokucamngca engacwangciswanga kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola eyenziwe ngokusemthethweni eyayisetyenziswe kwangaphambili kwimbali yengqondo.
Intsingiselo yokuqala yiloo nto abantu abaninzi baqhelana nayo, okubandakanya ukuhlola ngokungaqhelekanga iingcamango zethu neemvakalelo zethu zangaphakathi. Xa sicamngca ngeengcamango zethu, iimvakalelo , kunye neenkumbulo kwaye sihlolisise oko bathethayo, siyazibandakanya kwi-introspection.
Ixesha elithi introspection lisetyenziselwa ukuchaza ubuchule bokuphanda obuye lwaphuhliswa yi-psychologist uWilhelm Wundt . Kwakhona kwaziwa ngokuba yi-self-observation, ubuchule bukaWundt bubandakanya ukuqeqesha abantu ngokucophelela nangokuchanekileyo ngokunokwenzeka ukuba bahlalutye umxholo weengcamango zabo.
"Ukwazisa kwangaphambili liye ligama eliqhelekileyo lisetyenziselwa ukuchaza indlela yeWundt," kuchaza umlobi uDavid Hothersall kwimbhalo yakhe ethi History of Psychology .
"Ukhetho luya kuba lusizi, kuba luyakuthatyathwa ukuba luchaze uhlobo lweengqungquthela zokuxilonga, okwakungelona nto iWundt ithetha ngayo ... Ukuxelwa kwangaphambili kweWundt kwakuyimpumelelo elawulwayo, enzima."
I-Introspection yayisetyenziswe njani kwi-Wundt's Psychological Research?
Kwilebhu yaseWundt, ababukeli abaqeqeshelwa kakhulu banikezwa iziganeko ezivelelekileyo.
Aba bantu babuzwa ukuba bachaze amava abo engqondweni ngalezi ziganeko. UWundt wayekholelwa ukuba ababukeli babefanele babe neengongoma eziphezulu ekukhuthazeni nasekulawuleni imeko. Ukuqwalaselwa kwakhona kwaphindwa kaninzi.
Iyintoni injongo yale miba? UWundt wayekholelwa ukuba kukho izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ezenza iziqulatho zomntu: ukuvakalelwa kunye neemvakalelo. Ukuze uqondisise ingqondo, uWundt ukholelwa ukuba abaphandi bafuna ukwenza okungakumbi nje ukuchonga nje isakhiwo okanye izinto ezingqondweni. Kunoko, kubalulekile ukujonga iinkqubo kunye nemisebenzi eyenzekayo njengoko abantu beva nehlabathi elibajikelezile.
I-Wundt ijolise ekwenzeni inkqubo yokwenza intetho ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ichaneke ngokunokwenzeka. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abaphenduli babuzwa ukuba baphendule ngo "yebo" okanye "cha." Kwezinye iimeko, ababukeleyo bacinezela i-keygraph key ukuze banike iimpendulo zabo. Injongo yale nkqubo yayikukwenza ukuba u-introspection njengenzululwazi ngokunokwenzeka.
U-Edward Titchener , umfundi we-Wundt, naye wasebenzisa le ndlela nangona utyholwa ngokungamangaleli ezininzi zeengcamango zangaphambili zeWundt. Nangona uWundt ebenomdla ekujongeni amava onke, iTitchener kunoko kugxininise ekuphuleni amava engqondo kwizinto ezithile.
Iingcamango zokusasaza
Nangona iinjongo zovavanyo zeWundt zenza into enkulu yokuqhubela phambili imbangela yokwenza iingcaphephe ukuqeqeshwa kwezenzululwazi, indlela echazwe ngayo yayinomlinganiselo ophawulekileyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-introspection njengendlela yokulinga kwakudla ngokugxeka, ngokusetyenziswa kweTitcherer kwindlela. Izikolo zengcamango kubandakanywa ukusebenza kunye nokuziphatha kwakukholelwa ukuba ukungeniswa kwe-intanethi kwakungekho ukuthembeka kwezenzululwazi kunye nokuzimela.
Ezinye iingxaki zokuqala ukubandakanya ziquka:
- Ababonisi abahlukeneyo babehlala bebonelela ngeempendulo ezahlukeneyo kwizinto ezifanayo
- Kwaye nababonisi abaqeqeshwe kakhulu abazange bahambisane nezimpendulo zabo
- Inkqubo ayinakwenzeka ukusebenzisa nabantwana okanye izilwanyana
- I-Introspection iyancipha ekusebenziseni kwayo; Izifundo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana nokufunda, ubuntu, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye nophuhliso kunzima okanye akunakwenzeka ukufundisisa ngale ndlela
ILizwi
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-introspection njengesixhobo sokubheka kwangaphakathi kuyindawo ebalulekileyo yokuziqonda kwaye isetyenziswe kwengqondo yonyango njengendlela yokunceda abaxhasi ukuba baqonde iimvakalelo zabo nokuziphatha kwabo. Nangona iinjongo zeWundt zanikela kakhulu ekuphuhliseni nasekuphuculweni kweengqondo zengqondo, abaphandi ngoku baqonda ukulinganiselwa kunye nemigibe yokusebenzisa i-introspection njengendlela yokulinga.
> Imithombo:
> Brock, AC. Imbali ye-introspection iphindwe kwakhona. KuJW Clegg (Umq.), Ukuzibonela kwiNzululwazi yeNtlalo. I-New Brunswick: Abapapashi bokuTshintshana; 2013.
> Hergenhahn, BR. Isingeniso kwiNkcazo ye-Psychology. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth; 2009.