Inkqubo ye-Psychoanalytic kwi-Psychology
I-Psychoanalysis ichazwa njengesethi yeengcamango zengqondo kunye neendlela zokwelapha ezivela kwimisebenzi kunye neengcamango zikaSigmund Freud. Ingcamango engundoqo kwiziko le-psychoanalysis yiyokholo yokuba bonke abantu baneengcamango ezingenangqondo, iimvakalelo, iiminqweno kunye neenkumbulo. Ngokuzisa umxholo wokungazi ukuba uqaphele, abantu banako ukufumana i- catharsis kwaye bafumane ingqiqo kwingqondo yabo yangoku.
IziKhokelo eziSisiseko
- Indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiimoto zabo zokungazi.
- Uphuhliso lobuntu luye lwachaphazela kakhulu imicimbi yobuntwana. UFrud uphakamisa ukuba ubuntu bubekwe ngokubanzi kwilitye ngeli-5.
- Ukuzisa ulwazi kwi-consciousness kungabangela i-catharsis kwaye uvumele abantu ukuba bajongane nomba.
- Abantu basebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokuzivikela ukuze bazikhusele kwiinkcukacha eziqulethwe.
- Iingxaki zengqondo nezengqondo ezifana nokudandatheka kunye nokuxhalaba zivame ukugxilwa kwiingxabano phakathi kwengqondo eyaziwayo neyengazi.
- Umhlalutyi ochanekileyo unokunceda ukuzisa iinkalo ezithile ezingenalwazi ekuqheleni ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zengqondo ye-psychoanalytic ezifana nokuhlaziywa kwephupha kunye nentlalo yamahhala.
Imbali emfutshane
USigmund Freud nguye owayengumseli we-psychoanalysis kunye nendlela yokwabelana kwengqondo kwengqondo.
Esi sikolo sengcamango sagxininise impembelelo yengqondo engakwaziyo ukuziphatha. UFrud wayekholelwa ukuba ingqondo yomntu yenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu: id, i-ego, kunye ne-superego.
Iingcamango zikaFrud zengqesho zengqondo zobulili , ukungazi, kunye nekiso yokuphupha kuhlala sisigxina esithandwayo phakathi kweengcali zengqondo kunye nokubeka abantu, nangona ukuba umsebenzi wakhe ubhekwa ngabaninzi namhlanje.
Uninzi lweziganeko zeFrud kunye neengcamango zazisekelwe kwiimeko zeeklinikhi kunye nezifundo zecala, ukwenza ukuba iziphumo zakhe zibe nzima ukuvelisa abantu abaninzi. Kungakhathaliseki, iingcamango zikaFrud zatshintsha indlela esicinga ngayo ngengqondo yomntu kunye nokuziphatha kwakhe kwaye sashiya uphawu oluhlala njalo kwizengqondo kunye nenkcubeko.
Omnye u-theorist ochaphazelekayo no-psychoanalysis nguErik Erikson . U-Erikson wandise kwiingcamango zikaFrud waza wagxininisa ukubaluleka kokukhula kulo lonke ixesha lokuphila. Uvavanyo luka-Erikson lwezepolitiki lwezengqondo luhlala luthonya namhlanje ekuqondeni kwethu uphuhliso loluntu.
Ngokombutho we-American Psychoanalytic Association, i-psychoanalysis inceda abantu baziqonde ngokuzihlola iimpembelelo abavame ukuziqonda kuba zifihlekile. Namhlanje, i-psychoanalysis ayiquki nje kuphela unyango lwe-psychoanalytic kodwa lisetyenziselwa i-psychoanalysis (eyenza imigaqo ye-psychoanalytic kwiimpawu zehlabathi zangempela kunye neemeko) kunye neuro-psychoanalysis (eyasebenzisa i-neuroscience kuya kwizihloko ze-psychoanalytic ezifana namaphupha nokunciphisa).
Nangona i-Freudian yendabuko isenokungabonakali, iindlela zanamhlanje zonyango lwe-psychoanalytic ligxininisa indlela yokugweba kunye novelwano.
Abaxhasi banako ukuziva bekhuselekile njengoko bahlola iimvakalelo, iiminqweno, iinkumbulo kunye nezixinzelelo ezingabangela ubunzima beengqondo. Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba ukuzihlola okusetyenziswa kwinkqubo ye-psychoanalytic kunokuncedisa ekukhuleni kwexesha elide.
Amaxesha abalulekileyo
- 1856 - Unyaka u-Sigmund Freud wazalwa
- 1886 - UFrud unyaka wokuqala waqala ukubonelela unyango
- 1892 - Unyaka uJosef Breuer uchaze ityala lika-Anna O ku-Freud
- 1895 - Unyaka owazalwa ngawo ngu-Anna Freud
- 1900 - Unyaka u-Sigmund Freud washicilela incwadi yakhe Ukuchazwa kweeNdondo
- 1896 - Ngonyaka wokuqala u-Sigmund Freud waqulunqa igama elithi psychoanalysis
- Ngowe-1907 - Unyaka wenziwa i-Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
- Ngowe-1908 - Intlanganiso yehlabathi yokuqala yeengqondo ze-psychoanalyst yabanjwa
- 1909 - Unyaka uFrud wenza uhambo lwakhe lokuqala nokuya eUnited States kuphela
- 1913 - Unyaka uJung waphula kwiFrud ne-psychoanalysis
- Ngowe-1936 - Unyaka owawuthiwa ngawo i-Vienna Psychoanalytic Society waza waba nguMbutho wezeMpilo we-Psychoanalytic
- 1939 - Unyaka uSigmund Freud washona eLondon emva kokugula okude nomhlaza womlomo
Iingcamango ezinkulu kwi-Psychoanalysis
- Sigmund Freud
- Anna Freud
- UErik Erikson
- Erich Fromm
- UCarl Jung
- Karl Abraham
- Otto Rank
- Sabina Spielrein
I sigama
I-Psychoanalysis iquka nemilinganiselo emininzi nemibono ehambelana nengqondo, ubuntu kunye nonyango.
Izifundo zeZifundo
Uphononongo lwesifundo luchazwe njengesifundo esicacileyo somntu omnye. Ezinye zeenkundla ezidumileyo zeFudud ziquka uDora, Little Hans, no- Anna O. kwaye yayinempembelelo enamandla ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo yakhe ye-psychoanalytic.
Kwimeko yophando, umphandi uzama ukukhangela kakhulu kwiinkalo zobomi bomntu. Ngokufunda ngokucophelela loo mntu, ithemba kukuba umphandi unokuqonda indlela umlando walo mntu uncedisa ngayo ukuziphatha kwabo kwangoku. Ngelixa ithemba lifumene ukuba ulwazi olufunyenweyo ngexesha lokufunda isifundo lunokuthi lusetyenziswe kwabanye, kudla kunzima ukuvelisa iziphumo kuba uphando lwamaxesha lubonakala lugxininisa.
Ingqondo Yengqiqo neNgqiqo
Ingqondo engenalwazi iquka zonke izinto ezingaphandle kwesaziso sethu. Ezi ziquka ukukhumbuza iintsana zakuqala, iiminqweno ezifihlakeleyo kunye nokuqhuba okufihliweyo. NgokukaFrud, into engenazi zinto iqulethe izinto ezingenakuvuyisa okanye zentlalo ezingavumelekanga. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto zingabangela intlungu okanye ingxabano, bangcwatywa bengenalwazi.
Nangona ezi ngcamango, iinkumbulo, kunye nokukhuthazwa kungabikho ngaphandle kokwazi kwethu, ziyaqhubeka zichaphazela indlela esicinga ngayo, isenzo kwaye siziphathe ngayo. Kwezinye iimeko, izinto ezingaphandle kolwazi lwethu zinokuchaphazela ukuziphatha ngezindlela ezimbi kwaye zikhokelela ekukhathazeni kwengqondo.
Ingqondo eyaziwayo iquka yonke into ephakathi nokuqonda kwethu. Okuqulathekileyo kwengqondo eyaziwayo yizinto esizazi okanye zingakwazi ukuzisa ngokulula.
I-Id, i-Ego, ne-Superego
I-Id : UFrud wayekholelwa ukuba ubuntu bunezinto ezintathu eziphambili. Eyokuqala kwezi zivela kuyaziwa ngokuba yi-id. I-id iqulethe zonke izinto ezingenalwazi, ezisisiseko kunye nezibalulekileyo.
Ego : Inkalo yesibini yobuntu ebonakalayo iyaziwa njenge-ego. Le yinxalenye yobuntu kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno zokunyaniseka. Ikunceda ukulawula izibongozo ze-id kwaye kusenza siziphathe ngendlela efanelekileyo kwaye eyamkelekileyo. Esikhundleni sokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okwenzelwe ukwanelisa iimfuno kunye neemfuno zethu, i-ego iyasishukumisela ukuba sizalise iimfuno zethu ngendlela ezamkelekileyo noluntu. Ukongezelela ekulawuleni iimfuno ze-id, i-ego inceda kwakhona ukulinganisa ibhalansi phakathi kwezibongozo zethu ezisisiseko, iinjongo zethu kunye nenyaniso.
I-Superego : I-superego yinkalo yokugcina yobuntu ivela kwaye iqulethe iinjongo zethu kunye nemilinganiselo. Iimpawu kunye neenkolelo abazali bethu noluntu abazenzayo kuthi yindlela ekhokelayo ye-superego kwaye izama ukuzenza siziphathe ngokuvumelana nale miqathango.
Iindlela zoKhuselo ze-Ego
Indlela yokuzikhusela isicwangciso esisebenzisayo ukukhusela kwixhala. Ezi zixhobo ezikhuselayo zenza njengokhuseleko ukugcina izinto ezingenakulinganiswa okanye ezixinzeleleyo ezingenalwazi ekungeniseni ulwazi. Xa into ebonakala ikhulu kakhulu okanye ingafanelekanga, iindlela zokukhusela zinceda ukugcina ingcaciso ingena kwi-consciousness ukwenzela ukunciphisa ubunzima.
Iingcamango
- Iingcamango zikaFrud zigqithiseleyo ingqondo engazi kakuhle, isondo, ugonyamelo kunye namava abantwana.
- Uninzi lweengcamango ezicetywayo yi-theorists ye-psychoanalytic kunzima ukulinganisa nokulinganisa.
- Ininzi yeengcamango zikaFrud zisekelwe kwimiba yecala kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwekliniki kunokuba uphando, uphando lwezenzululwazi.
Amandla
- Nangona iimbono ezininzi zeengqondo zangeke zithembele kuphando lovavanyo, iindlela kunye neengcamango zokucinga ngengqondo zenze igalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo yengqondo.
- Uninzi lweengcamango zobuntu eziphuhliswe ngabacwaningqondo beengqondo zisekhompembelelo namhlanje, kuquka i- Erikson ngongoma yezengqondo zengqondo kunye ne- Freud's psychosexual stage.
- I-Psychoanalysis yavula imboniselo entsha kwisifo sengqondo, iphakamisa ukuba ukuthetha ngeengxaki ngeengcali kunokunceda ukukhulula iimpawu zengqondo yengqondo.
Iingxelo:
I-American Psychoanalytic Association. (nd). Ngeengqondo ze-psychoanalysis. Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.apsa.org/content/about-psychoanalysis.
Freud, S. (1916-1917). Iintetho zokuqala nge-psychoanalysis . SE, 22, 1-182.
Freud, A. (1937). I-Ego kunye neendlela zokukhusela. ILondon: Iincwadi ze-Karnac.
Schwartz, C. (2015). Xa uFrud udla i-FMRI. IAtlantiki . Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/08/euroscience-psychoanalysis-casey-schwartz-mind-fields/401999/.