Isingeniso kwiNzululwazi zoPhando lwezeNgqondo

Iintlobo zophando, ukucwangciswa kwamalinge kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguqukayo

Ukuba ungumfundi weengqondo okanye ufuna ukuqonda izinto ezisisiseko zezilingo zengqondo, nolu luhlu lweendlela zokwenza uphando, ukuba zithetha ntoni, kwaye zisebenza njani.

Iintlobo ezintathu zoPhando lweNzululwazi

Uphando lweengqondo luyakuthi lubekwe njengoluhlu lweentlobo ezinkulu ezintathu:

I-Causal okanye uPhando loPhando

Xa abaninzi abantu becinga ngolu vavanyo lwezenzululwazi, uphando ngeyona nto kunye nentsingiselo ihlala ikhunjulwa engqondweni. Uphononongo malunga nobudlelwane be-causal uphando malunga nempembelelo enye okanye ezininzi eziguquguqukayo kwisimo esisodwa okanye ngaphezulu kwesiphumo. Olu hlobo lophando lubonelela ukuba enye inguquko yenza esinye isitshixo senzeke okanye sitshintshe. Umzekelo walolu hlobo lophando luya kutshintsha inani lezonyango ezithile kunye nokulinganisa umphumo kubathathi-nxaxheba.

2. Uphando oluchazayo

Uphando oluchazayo lufuna ukubonisa oko kusekho kwiqela okanye kubemi. Umzekelo walolu hlobo lophando luya kuba yi-poll yokujonga ukukhetha ukuba ngubani okhethwe ngumongameli oceba ukuvota okhethweni olulandelayo. Izifundo ezichazayo azizami ukulinganisa umphumo wezinto eziguqukayo; bafuna kuphela ukuyichaza.

3. Ulwalamano kunye noCorrelational Research

Uphando oluphanda uxhulumaniso phakathi kwezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu luqwalaselwa ngophando lobudlelwane. Iimpawu eziqhathaniswayo zivele zikhoyo kwiqela okanye kubemi. Ngokomzekelo, isifundo esibhekisele kwinani lamadoda nabesifazana abakuzithengela iCD okanye i-jazz CD babeza kufunda ulwalamano phakathi kwesini kunye nomculo okhethwayo.

Imfundiso kunye ne-Hypothesis

Abantu bavame ukudibanisa imigaqo ye- theory kunye ne- hypothesis okanye abaqinisekanga ngokucacileyo malunga nokwahlula phakathi kwezi mbini. Ukuba ungumfundi weengqondo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ithetha ukuthini ixesha elilodwa, ukuba lihluke njani, kwaye njani lisetyenziselwa uphando lwezengqondo.

Ingcamango yimiqathango emiselweyo ephuhlisiwe ukucacisa into ethile yendalo yemvelo. Iingcamango zivela ekuhlolisweni nokuvavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye zibandakanya inyaniso, imithetho, izibikezelo, kunye nokuvavanywa kweengcamango ezivunyiwe ngokubanzi.

Iingcamango ezithile, ukuqikelela okuhlolisayo malunga noko ukulindele ukuba kwenzeke kwisifundo sakho. Umzekelo, uvavanyo olwenzelwe ukujonga ubudlelwane phakathi kwemigangatho yokufunda kunye nokuxhalabisa ukuvavanya kunokuba neengcamango ezithi, "Siyaxela ukuba abafundi abanokuzifundela kangcono baya kubandezeleka." Ngaphandle kokuba uhlolisiso lwenu luhlolisiswa kwendalo, i-hypothesis yakho kufuneka ihlale ichaza oko ukulindeleke ukuba kwenzeke ngexesha lakho lovavanyo okanye uphando.

Nangona ngamanye amaxesha asetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo ekusebenziseni kwansuku zonke, umehluko phakathi kweengcamango kunye neengcamango kubalulekile xa ufunda uyilo lovavanyo.

Olunye ulwahlulo olubalulekileyo ukuphawula luquka:

• Iingcamango zixela iziganeko ngokubanzi, ngelixa i-hypothesis yenza isichaso esithile malunga nesethi ecacisiweyo yeemeko.
• Iingcamango ziye zavavanywa kakhulu kwaye ziyakwamkelwa ngokuqhelekileyo, ngelixa i-hypothesis yinto yokuqagela engacingi ukuhlolwa.

Impembelelo yexesha kwi-Psychology Research

Kukho ezimbini iintlobo zemizuzu yexesha ezingasetyenziselwa ukuyila uphando olwenziwe uphando:

1. Uphando olunqamlezileyo luqhutywa kwinqanaba elinye ngexesha.
   • Zonke iimvavanyo, amanyathelo, okanye iinguqu zilawulwa kubabathathi-nxaxheba kweso sihlandlo.
   • Olu hlobo lophando lufuna ukuqokelela idatha kwiimeko ezikhoyo endaweni yokubheka imiphumo yenkqubela kwixesha elithile.
2. Uphando olude luqhutyelwa isifundo esenzeka ngexesha elide.
   • Idata kuqala iqokelelwe ekuqaleni kweso sifundo, kwaye iyakuboniswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngexesha lokufunda.
   • Ezinye izifundo ezide zingaphantsi kwexesha elifutshane, ezinjengeentsuku ezimbalwa, ngelixa ezinye zinokuthi zenzeke kwiinyanga, ngonyaka okanye kwamashumi eminyaka.
   • Iziphumo zokuguga zivame ukuphandwa ngokusebenzisa uphando olude.

Ubudlelwane beCausal Phakathi kweeNguquko

Sithetha ntoni xa sithetha ngo "buhlobo" phakathi kwezinto eziguqukayo? Ngophando lwengqondo, sibhekisela ekuxhulumeni phakathi kwezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu esinokuzilinganisa okanye ezichanekileyo.

Enye yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ukuyenza xa kuxoxwa ngobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo yintsikelelo yesikhokelo .

• Ulwalamano lwe-causal yiyiphi enye inguqu eyenza utshintsho kwezinye iinguqu. Ezi ntlobo zobudlelwane ziphandwa ngophando lovavanyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba utshintsho kwisitshixo esisodwa luphumela ekutshintsheni kolunye uguquko.

Ubudlelwane obudibeneyo phakathi kweenguqu

Ukulungelelaniswa kukulingana kobudlelwane phakathi kweenguqu ezimbini. Ezi zintlukwano sele zenzeke kwiqela okanye kubemi kwaye azilawulwa ngumhloli.

• Ulungelelwano oluhle lulamano oluchanekileyo apho, njengokuba isixa-sitshixo sinyuka, inani le-variable yesibini landa.
• Kulungelelaniso olubi , njengoko isixa-sitshixo esinye senyuka, amanqanaba omnye uguquko wehla.
• Kuzo zombini iintlobo zokulungiswa, abukho ubungqina okanye ubungqina bokuthi utshintsho kwisitshixo esisodwa lubangela utshintsho kwezinye iinguqulelo. Ulungelelwano lubonisa nje ukuba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kweenguqu ezimbini.

Ingqwalasela ebaluleke kakhulu ukuba ithathe kule nto kukuba ukulungiswa akulingani na . Uninzi lwemithombo yolwazi oludumileyo lenza iphutha lokucinga ukuba ngenxa yezinto eziguquguqukayo ezimbini zidibeneyo, ulwalamano olusondeleyo lukhona.

> Umthombo:

> IYunivesithi yaseMinnesota yeeNcwadi zoPapasho. Iingcali zengqondo zisebenzisa iZichazi, iiCorrelational, kunye neeNkcazo zoPhando zoPhando ukuze ziqonde ukuziphatha. Ku: Iingqungquthela kwi-Psychology . 2010.