Ingqondo yomntu ayiyona enye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni womntu; Kwakhona kunzima kakhulu. Kulo khenketho olulandelayo, uya kufunda malunga neziseko ezisisiseko ezenza ingqondo kunye nendlela osebenza ngayo ingqondo. Oku akukona uphando olujonge kuyo yonke uphando kwingqondo (enjalo isibonelelo siya kugcwalisa iincwadi ezininzi). Kunoko, injongo yolu hlobo lobuchopho kukukuqonda ngeendlela ezinkulu zobuchopho kunye nemisebenzi yazo.
1 - I-Cerebral Cortex
I-cortex ye-cerebral yinxalenye yengqondo esebenzayo ukwenza abantu babe ngabodwa. Iinkalo zobuntu ezingafaniyo kubandakanya ingcamango ephakamileyo, ulwimi nolwazi lomntu kwakunye nokukwazi ukucinga, ukucinga nokucinga ukuba zonke zivela kwi-cortex ye-cerebral.
I-cortex ye-cerebral yinto esiyibonayo xa sibona ubuchopho. Yisabelo esingaphandle esingahlula kwi-lobes ezine yengqondo. Umquba ngamnye phezu komphezulu wengqondo ubizwa ngokuba yi-gyrus, ngelixa i-groove nganye iyaziwa njenge-sulcus.
2 - iiLobes ezine
I-cortex ye-cerebral ingahlukaniswa ngamacandelo amane, aziwa ngokuba yi-lobes (bona umfanekiso). I-lobe yangaphambili, i-loari ye-lobe, i-lobe yama-occipital, kunye ne-lobe yesikhashana iye yadibaniswa nemisebenzi eyahlukileyo ukusuka ekucingeni ukuya kumbono wokuhlola.
- I-lobe yangaphambili ikhona phambi kobuchopho kwaye inxulumene nokuqiqa, izakhono zezithuthi, ukuqonda ikhankanya eliphezulu, nolwimi olucacileyo. Emuva kwelobe yangaphambili, kufuphi ne-central sulcus, ikhona i-motor cortex. Le ndawo yengqondo ifumana ulwazi kwi-lobes eyahlukeneyo yengqondo kwaye isebenzisa le ngcaciso ukuqhuba ukunyakaza komzimba. Ukulimala kwi-lobe yangaphambili kungakhokelela ekutshintsheni kwimikhwa yecalulo, inzentlalo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kunye nokwandiswa kwengozi.
- I-lobe ye-parietali ifumaneka kwicandelo eliphakathi kwengqondo kwaye lidibanisa nokucwangcisa ulwazi olunzulu lwengqondo njengengcinezelo, ukuthintela kunye nentlungu. Inxalenye yengqondo eyaziwa njenge-cortex ye-somatosensory ifumaneke kule lobe kwaye ibalulekile ekusebenziseni iingqondo zomzimba.
- I-lobe yesikhashana ikhona kwicandelo elingaphantsi kwengqondo. Le lobe yindawo yendawo yokuqala yokuhlola i-cortex, ebalulekileyo ekutolika izandi kunye nolwimi esiva. I- hippocampus iphinde ibekwe kwi-lobe ye-temporal, yingakho le ngxenye yengqondo idibene kakhulu kunye nokubunjwa kweememori . Ukulimala kwi-lobe yesikhashana kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ngememori, ukuqonda intetho kunye nolwazi lweelwimi.
- I-lobe yesipiliti ifumaneka kwingxenyana yangasemva yengqondo kwaye inxulumene nokutolika okubonakalayo kunye nolwazi. I-cortex eyona mbonakalo ebonakalayo, efumana kwaye iguqulela ulwazi kwi-retinas yamehlo, ifumaneka kwi-lobe yama-occipital. Ukulimala kule ndawo kungabangela iingxaki ezibonakalayo ezifana nobunzima ukuqonda izinto, ukungakwazi ukukhetha imibala, kunye neengxaki zokuqonda amagama.
3 - Isiqongo seBrain
Ingqungquthela yengqondo iqukwe ne-midbrain, ipons, kunye ne-medulla.
I-midbrain ivame ukubhekwa njengommandla omncinci wengqondo. Isebenza njengendlela yesitishi esisetyenzisiweyo sokufumana ulwazi oluphicothiweyo nolwaziweyo. I-midbrain ilawula imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo njengeenkqubo ezibonakalayo kunye nokuhlola kunye nokunyuka kwamehlo. Iingxenye ze-midbrain ezibizwa ngokuthi i-nucleus ebomvu kunye ne-substantia nigra zibandakanyeka ekulawuleni ukunyakaza komzimba. I-substantia nigra ene-pigmented emnyama iqukethe inani elikhulu le-neurons eveza i-dopamine. Ukuchithwa kwe-neurons kwi-substantia nigra idibene nesifo sikaParkinson.
I-medulla itholakala ngqo ngaphaya komgca weconongo kwisahluko esezantsi kwengqondo kwaye ilawula imisebenzi eninzi ebalulekileyo yokuzimela njengentliziyo, ukuphefumula kunye negazi.
Iiponi zidibanisa i-medulla kwi-cerebellum kwaye isebenze iqela lemisebenzi ebalulekileyo kuquka ukudlala indima kwimisebenzi emininzi yokuzimela njengokukhuthaza ukuphefumla nokulawula imijikelezo yokulala.
4 - I-Cerebellum
Ngamanye amaxesha ekubhekiswa kuthiwa yi "Little Brain," i-cerebellum iphezulu kwiipon emva kobuchopho. I-cerebellum iqukethe i-lobes encinci kwaye ifumana ulwazi kwi-balance system ye-ear ear, i-sensory nerves, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola kunye neendlela ezibonakalayo. Iyabandakanyeka ekusebenzisaneni nokuhamba kunye nokufunda.
I-cerebellum yenza malunga neepesenti ezili-10 zobukhulu bobuchopho , kodwa kubangelwa ngaphezu kwe-50 ekhulwini yenani le-neurons epheleleyo kwingqondo. Esi sakhiwo sinxulumene nokuhamba kwemoto kunye nokulawula, kodwa oku akunjalo kuba imiyalelo yemoto ivela apha. Kunoko, i-cerebellum isebenza ukuguqula le miqondiso kwaye yenza ukuhamba kwemoto kuchaneke kwaye kuncedo.
Ngokomzekelo, i-cerebellum inceda ukulawula ukuhamba, ukulinganisela kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweminyango yokuzithandela. Oku kuvumela amaqela ahlukeneyo omzimba emzimbeni ukuba asebenzisane kunye nokuvelisa ukulungelelaniswa, ukuhamba kwamanzi.
Ukongeza kokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni imoto, i-cerebellum ibaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi ethile yokucinga, kuquka inkulumo.
5 - iThalamus
Kukho ngaphaya kweengqondo, i-thalamus inkqubo kwaye idlulisa ulwazi lokunyakaza nolwazi. Ngokuqhelekileyo isiteshini esisetyenzisiweyo, sithatha ulwazi olusisiseko kwaye siyidlulisela kwi-cortex yecerebral. I-cortex ye-cerebral iphinde ithumele ulwazi kwi-thalamus, leyo leyo ithumela le nkcazelo kwezinye iisistimu.
6 - I-Hypothalamus
I hypothalamus iqoqo le-nuclei elala phantsi kwengqondo yengqungquthela ecaleni kwesiganeko se-pituitary. I-hypothalamus idibanisa kunye neminye imimandla yengqondo kwaye inoxanduva lokulawula ukulamba, ukoma, iimvakalelo , ummiselo weqondo lokushisa, kunye neziqulatho ze-circumcadian. I-hypothalamus iphinda ilawulwe i-pituitary gland ngokufihla ama-hormone, okwenza i-hypothalamus ibe namandla kakhulu ekulawuleni imisebenzi emzimbeni eminingi.
7 - I-Limbic System
Nangona akukho uluhlu oluvunyelwene ngokupheleleyo lwezakhiwo ezenza inkqubo yesigxina, ezine zengingqi zibandakanya:
- Amygdala
- I-hippocampus
- Iingingqi ze i-cortex yomlenze
- Indawo yecala.
Ezi zakhiwo zidibanisa ukudibanisa phakathi kwenkqubo ye-limbic kunye ne-hypothalamus, i-thalamus kunye ne-cortex ye-cerebral. I-hippocampus ibalulekile kwimemori nasekufundeni, ngelixa inkqubo yesigxina ngokwayo iyintloko ekulawuleni iimpendulo zomzwelo.
8 - I-Basal Ganglia
I-basal ganglia yiqela leenuclei ezinkulu ezijikeleza i-thalamus. Ezi nuclei zibalulekile ekulawuleni ukunyakaza. I-nucleus ebomvu kunye ne-substantia nigra ye-midbrain banxibelelana ne-basal ganglia.
ILizwi
Ubomi bomntu buyinkimbinkimbi ngokucacileyo kwaye abaphandi baqhubeka bezama ukuqonda ezininzi iimfihlelo zokusebenza kwengqondo. Ngokuqonda kakuhle indlela iindawo ezahlukileyo zengqondo zisebenza ngayo, unokuqonda ngakumbi ukuba izifo okanye ukulimala kunokuchaphazela njani imisebenzi ethile.
> Imithombo:
> Carter, R. I-Human Brain Book. ENew York: I-Penguin; 2014.
> Kalat, JW. Psychology. IBoston, MA: UkuFunda kweCengage; 2016.