Ngokutsho kweSophocles, u-Oedipus uKumkani wabulala uyise waza walala naye nonina. Kwaye kwade kube yiminyaka kamva, ukuba kunjalo, u-Oedipus wafumanisa ukuba wenza i patricide kunye nomlingane-ekuqaleni engazi ukuba uyise wayenguyise nonina wayengunina. Emva kokuba u-Oedipus efumene oko wakwenzayo, wazihlawula. Isizathu sika-Oedipus sokuziphazamisa sithintela unetyala kwaye kwakuyinto engafaniyo: Ekuqaleni wayeyimfama kwizenzo ezibuhlungu azenzileyo.
AmaGrike asendulo ayengenakuqonda ukuba umntu uziphofuze ngaphandle kwesizathu esichukumisayo kwizinga lolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-Oedipus. Nangona kunjalo, kwintlalo yanamhlanje, abantu abambalwa babonakalisa imiba yobunini kunye neenxalenye ezithile zomzimba kwaye banqwenela ngokugqithiseleyo ukukhubazeka. Aba bantu banemeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-ID ye-ID ye-Integrity disorder (BIID) kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo emva kokubandezeleka kweminyaka yokucela ukuba kwenziwe utyando, ukuphunga, ukungaboniyo okanye i-paraplegia.
Njengoko unokucinga ukuba, bambalwa abagqirha banqwenela ukuphazamisa izitho okanye izitho ngaphandle kwezifo. Nangona kunjalo, i-BIID yinkathazo eyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye ezinye iingcali zikhuthaza ukuhlinzwa ngokugqithiseleyo njengonyango olululo.
BIID ihlolwe
Ngasekupheleni kwe-1700s, udokotela ogqirha waseFransi waphoqelelwa ngesibhamu ukuze anqumle isigxina somntu. Emva kokuhlinzwa, le ndoda yathumela intlawulo yokugulisa kunye nencwadi yokubulela ethi ukuhlinzwa kwakwenza ukuba azive engcono.
Ngo-2000, uluntu lufumanise ukuba udokotela ogqirha waseScotland ogama linguRobert Smith uye wenza izigulane zombini kwizigulane ezimbini ezibonakala ziqhelekileyo. Xa i-CEO yeSibhedlele sikaSmith ibone oko uSmith akwenzile, uSmith wayevumelekile ukuba enze nayiphi na into yokunyulwa. Nangona kunjalo, ekugqibeleni kwezi ziphoso, ingxoxo malunga nokuchithwa okunempilo kunye nezinye ezibonakalayo "ezingadingekile" kunye nokuhlinzwa okutyhafisayo kuhlanganisene ne-steam.
Ngo-2015, umfazi oneminyaka engama-30 ubudala ogama lakhe linguJewel Shuping wathi unengqondo yakhe yokucoca i-drain cleaner emehlweni akhe ukuze aqonde umnqweno wakhe wokuba ngumfama. Ukunyaniseka, ukuqinisekiswa kwamabango kaShuping kuphikisana; nangona kunjalo, iingxelo zale nto zancedisa ukuphofa kwakhona kwakhona ukugqamisa i-BIID.
Abantu abane-BIID bayakhalaza ngevakalelo "bangapheliyo" kwaye bahlukane nxalenye yomzimba kuba yiso, isilenze okanye njalo. Ngokukhethekileyo, le mizwa yinto yokuphelisa impilo yonke edala ukubandezeleka kwengqondo kunye nokuxhwaleka.
Akucaci oko kubangela i-BIID. Kwamanye abantu, imiba kunye nobunikazi bomzimba okanye ubunikazi inokulandelwa emuva kwi-pathology ecacileyo njenge-tumor yengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, kubantu abaninzi abane-BIID, i-etiology okanye imbangela yesifo isala ukuba ingacacisiwe.
Abaphandi abaphonononga i-BIID baye babona utshintsho lweengqondo kubantu abaneesifo. Ngokukodwa, i-cortex ye-parietal, i-corotte ye-premotor, kunye ne-insula ibonakala ibandakanyeka. Nangona kunjalo, akucaci ukuba ngaba iingingqi zengqondo zikhokelela kwi-BIID okanye zivela ngenxa ye-BIID.
Unyango lwe-BIID
Ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokucacileyo oko kubangela i-BIID, kunzima ukunyanga kwesi sifo. Ukuxhatshazwa kwengqondo kunye neengqondo zengqondo zincinci ngesifo.
Ukongezelela, amayeza anesifo esiphezulu se-psychotropic njengama-antipsychotics awaye vavanywa kwili gulane.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, abantu abaneBIID abanqwenela ukunyuswa komlenze bazive bephucule emva kokuba inkqubo kwaye ingxelo iphucule umgangatho wobomi. Ingqalelo, abantu ababini uRobert Smith, udokotela ohlinzayo waseScotland, wenza utyando, waziva engcono emva kokuhlinzwa kwaye wahlala evuyisayo kunye neeprothes.
Abantu abaninzi abanomkhuba we-BIID abaphila nokukhubazeka. Aba bantu babhalwa ngokuba "ngabalingisi." Ngokuzenza ngathi uhlala nokukhubazeka, aba bantu bafumana uncedo olufutshane lwexeshana olufana nelixa elifutshane labantu abanokukhathazeka ngokugqithiseleyo emva kokuba benze ukunyanzeliswa.
Uninzi lwagqirha abajamelana ne-BIID banokusabela ngokukrakra kwithuba lokusebenzisa utyando olunzulu ukunyanga ukugula. La magqirha athi umntu ofuna ukunqumla isilwanyana "esempilweni" unesifo sengqondo kunye nokuqonda okunqongopheleko okuphazamisa ukukwazi kwakhe ukunika imvume enolwazi.
Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabantu abane-BIID aluyiyo ingqondo kwaye alukho ukukhohlisa. Ukongezelela koko, ukudakumba abanye aba bantu abane-BIID bafumana emva kokuhlala ne-BIID ixesha elithile kwaye mhlawumbi kungenxa yeso sizathu.
Kwiphepha elibizwa ngokuba ngu-"Integrity Body Disorder Disorder beyond Output": "Ummiselo kunye noKhululwa," umbhali u-Amy White uthi isigqibo sokuba umntu one-BIID ukuba ahlinzekwe ngokukhethekileyo ukuba asuse inxalenye yomzimba ayinyanzelwanga, engakwaziyo okanye engaqondanga; ngoko emva kwenkqubo yokucoca ngokubanzi, izigulane ezineBIID zingaba ngabaviwa bokuhlinzwa ngokugqithiseleyo.
UMhlophe ufanisa i-BIID kwi-dysphoria yesini kunye nokuhlinzwa ngokugqithiseleyo kulabo abane-BIID ukuhlinzwa ngokutsha ngokwesini. Ngokukodwa, abantu abane-dysphoria kunye ne-BIID bazivaleleke emzimbeni ongeyiphi indlela ephosakeleyo kunye nokufuna ukulungiswa ukulungisa ingxaki.
Ngokwahlukileyo, kwiphepha elibizwa ngokuba yi-"Integrity Disorder Disorder - Ngaba ukuxothwa kweeLimo eziMpilo zilungele ?," umbhali uSabina Müller uthi iindleko zokuhlinzwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwi-BIID ziphezulu kakhulu, kwaye abantu abayifumanayo abayi kusakwazi ukusebenza kwaye iya kufuna ukunyamekelwa kwindleko kunye nokuvuselelwa.
UMüller ubuza nokuba ngaba abantu abane-BIID abacela ukuhlinzwa ngokugqithiseleyo abanako ukuqonda kwisifo sabo kwaye bacacisa unyango oluthile:
I-BIID mhlawumbi yinkxwaleko ye-neuropsychological ebandakanya ukungaqondi kakuhle kwisifo kunye nokungabi nakwazi kokuzimela. Esikhundleni sokuphilisa isibonakaliso semali yomonakalo ongenakuguquka komzimba, unyango kufuneka luphuhliswe ukuze kuhlanganiswe umlenze wesigxina kumfanekiso womzimba.
Mhlawumbi sikhulu ixesha elide ukususela ekubeni sicinga ukuba sinceda njani abantu abafumana i-BIID. Okokuqala, uphando kwi-BIID liphantsi kwamandla kuba abantu abambalwa kakhulu banemeko. Ininzi yale nto esiyayaziyo nge-BIID isekelwe kwi-akhawunti ye-anecdotal. Okwesibini, i-BIID inokubandakanya iinkqubo ezinonophelo ze-neurological engazange zichazwe; emva kwakho konke, ingqondo ingenakunzima. Okwesithathu, ukuhlinzwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwi-BIID kuxutywe kwizinto eziphathekayo ezithintela ukuqonda kunye nokwazisa kwonyango.
Imithombo ekhethiweyo
Isiqendu esithi "I-Neural Basis yobunini beLimb kuBantu abathile kunye neCandelo loBungqina beNgcaciso ye-Integrity" ngo-MT van Dijk epapashwe kwi-PLOS ONE ngo-2013.
I-Article ichaza "Ukunyaniseka koBungqina boBungqina beNgcaciso (iBIID) -Ukuxothwa kweMpilo yeLimbs echanekileyo ngokwemigaqo," nguSabina Müller opapashwe kwi -American Journal of Bioethics ngo-2009.
I-athikili ebizwa ngokuthi "Ubungqina Bokuthembeka Kwamalungu Okungaphaya Kwekukhutshwa: I-Consent and Liberty" ngu-Amy White kwiForam ye-HEC ngo-2014.