I-hypothesis yinkcazo yentente malunga nobuhlobo phakathi kweenguqu ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. Yinto ecacileyo, echazwe ngolu vavanyo malunga noko ulindele ukuba kwenzeke kwisifundo. Umzekelo, isifundo esenzelwe ukujonga ubudlelwane phakathi kokulahlwa kokulala kunye nokuhlolwa kovavanyo kunokuba neengcamango ezithi, "Olu cwaningo lusetyenziswe ukuvavanya ingcamango yokuba abantu abalahlwe ngokulala baya kwenza okubi ngakumbi kunabantu abangabuthongo ihlwempu. "
Masiqwalasele ngokuthe ngqo indlela i-hypothesis isetyenziswe ngayo, yenziwe, kwaye ivavanywa uphando lwezenzululwazi.
I-Hypothesis isetyenziswe njani kwiScientific Method?
Kwindlela yenzululwazi, ingaba kuqukwa uphando kwingqondo, kwi-biology, okanye kwenye indawo, i-hypothesis ibonisa oko abaphandi bacinga ukuba kuya kwenzeka kwimeko.
Indlela yezenzululwazi iquka amanyathelo alandelayo:
- Ukwenza umbuzo
- Ukwenza uphando ngeemvelaphi
- Ukudala i-hypothesis
- Ukuyila uvavanyo
- Ukuqokelela idatha
- Ukuhlalutya iziphumo
- Ukuthatha izigqibo
- Ukuqhagamshelana neziphumo
Iingcamango yiloo nto abaphandi baxela ngayo ubudlelwane phakathi kweenguqu ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, kodwa kubandakanya okungaphezulu kokuqiqa. Ininzi yexesha, i-hypothesis iqala ngombuzo ophononongwa ngophando lwangemvelaphi. Kuphela kweli nqanaba abaphandi baqala ukuphucula i-hypothesis.
Kwiphononongo ekuhloliseni imiphumo yesigqirha esithile, i-hypothesis inokuba ngabaphandi balindele ukuba isicatshulwa sibe nolunye uhlobo lwefuthe kwiimpawu zesifo esithile.
Kwingqondo, ingcinga ingase ijolise ngendlela ethile imeko engqongileyo inokusichaphazela ngayo ukuziphatha okuthile.
Ngaphandle kokuba udala isifundo esicatshungulwa kwendalo, i-hypothesis yakho kufuneka ihlale ichaza oko ukulindele ukuba kwenzeke ngexesha lakho lokulinga okanye uphando.
Khumbula, i-hypothesis ayifanele ichane. Nangona i-hypothesis iqikelela oko abaphandi balindele ukukubona, injongo yophando kukuba kuqikelelwe ukuba ngaba oku kuqikeleleka okanye kulungile. Xa beqhuba uvavanyo, abaphandi bangaphinda bahlolisise iinjongo eziliqela ukukhetha ukuba ngubani na onokufaka isandla kwisiphumo sokugqibela.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, abaphandi banokufumanisa ukuba iziphumo zolu vavanyo azixhasi i-hypothesis yasekuqaleni. Xa ebhala ezi ziphumo, abaphandi banokubonisa ezinye iinketho ezifanele zihlolwe kwizifundo ezizayo.
Abaphandi bafika njani nge-Hypothesis?
Kwiimeko ezininzi, abaphandi bangathabatha ingcamango ethile kwiingcamango ezithile okanye benze kwiphando langaphambili. Ngokomzekelo, uphando olwangaphambili lubonise ukuba uxinzelelo lunokuchaphazela isistim somzimba. Ngoko umphandi unokuba ngongcamango othile othi: "Abantu abanezinga eliphezulu lokunyamezela baya kuba banomdla obandayo emva kokuba benesifo sengculaza kunabantu abanobunzima obuphantsi."
Kwamanye amaxesha, abaphandi banokujonga kwiintlangano ezinobomi okanye ubulumko bendoda. "Iintaka zeentsiba zihamba ndawonye" ngumzekelo omnye wobulumko obungumntu onokuzama ukuhlola uphando lweengqondo.
Umphandi unokuba yinto ethile ethi "Abantu bavame ukukhetha amaqabane abathandana nabo abafana nabo kwiminqweno nakwizinga lemfundo."
Izinto ze-Hypothesis efanelekileyo
Xa uzama ukuza kunye neengcamango ezilungileyo zakho zophando okanye iimvavanyo, zibuze le mibuzo elandelayo:
- Ngaba ingcinga yakho isekelwe kuphando lwakho ngesihloko?
- Ngaba i-hypothesis yakho ingahlolwa?
- Ingaba i-hypothesis yakho iquka iinguqu ezizimeleyo kunye nezixhomekeke kuzo?
Ngaphambi kokuba ufike ngeengcamango ezithile, sebenzisa ixesha elithile ukwenza uphando lwangemxholo kwisihloko sakho. Xa usugqibile ukuhlaziywa kweencwadi, qalisa ukucinga malunga nokuba unokubuza imibuzo.
Naka ingqalelo kwinqanaba leengxoxo kumaphephancwadi amanqaku owafundayo . Abalobi abaninzi bayakuphakamisa imibuzo ekufuneka ihlolwe.
Indlela yokwenza i-Hypothesis
Uthotho lokuqala lophando lweengqondo kukuchonga indawo yomdla kwaye kuphuhliswe i-hypothesis engayi vavanywa. Nangona i-hypothesis idlalwa ngokugqithiseleyo njengomzingeli okanye ukuqagela, inene ngakumbi. Iingcamango zingachazwa njengento yokuqiqa ngokuphathelele ubudlelwane phakathi kweenguqu ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu.
Ngokomzekelo, umphandi unokuba nomdla kubudlelwane phakathi kwemikhwa yokufunda kunye noxinzelelo lweemvavanyo .
Umphandi uza kuphakamisa ingcamango malunga nendlela ezi zimilo ezinxulumene ngayo, ezinjenge-"Ukuxhalabisa ukuxilonga kunciphisa ngenxa yemigangatho yokufunda efanelekileyo."
Ukuze wenze i-hypothesis, kufuneka uthabathe amanyathelo:
- Qala ngokuqokelela izinto ezininzi njengento onokuyenza.
- Hlola izi ngqalelo kwaye ukhangela izizathu ezinokwenzeka zengxaki.
- Yenza uluhlu lweenkcazelo ezinokwenzeka ukuba ufuna ukuyihlola.
- Emva kokuba uphucule ezinye iingcinga, kubalulekile ukucinga ngeendlela oza kuziqinisekisa okanye ukuchasisa i-hypothesis nganye ngokusebenzisa ukulinga. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba yi-falsifiability.
Ukukhohlisa
Ngokwenzululwazi , ukunyaniseka kuyindawo ebalulekileyo nayiphi na ingqiqo efanelekileyo. Ukuze kuhlolwe ibango ngokwesayensi, kufuneka ukuba inokwenzeka ukuba ibango linokungqineka lobuxoki. Esinye sezibonakaliso zesazi-mbono kukuba yenza amabango angenakuphikiswa okanye aqinisekiswe amanga.
Abafundi maxa wambi badibanisa ingcamango yokukhohlisa into yokuba oko kuthetha ukuba into ekhohlisayo, akunjalo. Into ekhohlisayo kuthetha ukuba ukuba into eyinyani, ngoko kunokwenzeka ukubonisa ukuba buxoki.
Indima yeeNkcazo zokuSebenza
Kwimimiselo yangaphambili, imikhwa yokufunda kunye nokuxhalaba kokuvavanya yimiba emibini kulolu cwaningo lokucinga. Uguquko luyinto okanye into engatshintshwa kwaye iqhutywe ngeendlela ezibonakalayo kwaye zilinganiswe. Nangona kunjalo, umphandi makacacise ngokuchanekileyo ukuba yeyiphi into eguqukileyo esebenzisa izinto ezibizwa ngokuba yiinkcazo zokusebenza. Ezi ngcaciso zichaza indlela ezichaseneyo eziza kusetyenziswa ngayo kwaye zilinganiswe kwisifundo.
Kwimzekelo yangaphambili, umphandi angachaza ngokucacileyo ukutshintsha " uxinzelelo lweemvavanyo" njengemiphumo yendlela yokuzibika ngokweenkathazo eziye zenzeka ngexesha loviwo. Uguquko oluthile "imilinganiselo yokufunda" inokuchazwa ngumlinganiselo wokufunda owenziwa ngokwenene njengoko kulinganiswa ngexesha.
Ezi nkcazo ezichanekileyo zezichasi nganye zibalulekile kuba izinto ezininzi zinokulinganiswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Enye yemigaqo eyisiseko yaluphi na uhlobo lophando lwezenzululwazi kukuba iziphumo maziphendulwe. Ngokucacisa ngokucacileyo iinkcukacha malunga nendlela eziguqulelwe ngayo kunye nokusetyenziswa, abanye abaphandi banokuqonda ngokucacileyo iziphumo baze baphinde baphinde bafundisise ukuba kuyimfuneko.
Ezinye iinguqu zinzima kunokuba ezinye zichaze. Ungayichaza njani uguquko olufana neentlanzi ? Ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo zokuziphatha, abaphandi abanako ukudala imeko apho umntu eziphatha kakubi kwabanye. Ukuze ukwazi ukulinganisa lo mguquko, umphandi kufuneka enze umlinganiselo ovavanya ukuziphatha kakubi ngaphandle kokulimaza abanye abantu. Kule meko, umphandi angasebenzisa umsebenzi olinganayo ukulinganisa ubugwenxa.
U mzekelo
Iingcamango zivame ukulandela ifomati eyisiseko "Ukuba {kwenzekayo} koko [oku kuya kwenzeka]." Enye indlela yokwenza i-hypothesis yakho kukuchaza oko kuza kwenzeka kumlinganiselo oxhomekeke kuyo xa wenza utshintsho kwizinto ezizimeleyo .
Isakhiwo esisisiseko sinokuba:
"Ukuba {ezi tshintsho zenziwa kwi-variable variable}, ngoko siza kugcina {utshintsho kwisitshixo esithembekileyo esithile]."
Imizekelo embalwa:
- "Abafundi abadla isidlo sakusasa baya kwenza bhetele kwiimvavanyo zezibalo kunabantwana abangadli isidlo sakusasa."
- "Abafundi abanamava okuvavanya phambi kovavanyo lwesiNgesi baya kufumana amanqaku aphezulu kunabantwana abangenakuxhalaba."
- "Abaqhubi abanxibelelwano ngefowuni ngelixa beqhuba baya kuba nempembelelo kwikhosi yokuqhuba ngaphandle kwabo bangathethi kwifowuni."
Uluhlu lokuHlola lokuHlola
- Ingaba i-hypothesis yakho igxininise into onokuyivavanya ngokwenene?
- Ingaba i-hypothesis yakho ifaka phakathi kokuzimela kunye nokuxhomekeke kuye?
- Ngaba unako ukwenza izinto eziguqukayo?
- Ingaba i-hypothesis yakho ingahlolwa ngaphandle kokuphula imigangatho yokuziphatha?
Ukuqokelela Iinkcukacha kwi-Hypothesis yakho
Emva kokuba umphandi enze i-hypothesis evivinywayo, isinyathelo esilandelayo kukuba ukhethe uphando lwendlela yophando kwaye uqale ukuqokelela idatha. Indlela yophando eyenziwa ngumphandi ixhomekeka ngokukodwa malunga noko bakufundayo. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zeendlela zokwenza uphando-uphando oluchazayo kunye nophando lovavanyo.
Iinkqubo zoPhando ezichazayo
Uphando oluchazayo olunjengeenkalo zophando , ukuhlolwa kwemvelo , kunye nophando ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa xa kungenakwenzeka okanye kunzima ukuqhuba uvavanyo . Ezi ndlela zisetyenziswe kakuhle ukuchaza imiba eyahlukeneyo yokuziphatha okanye isifo sengqondo. Xa umphandi sele eqokelele idatha ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezichazayo, isifundo se- correlational singasetyenziselwa ukujonga indlela ezi zihambelana ngayo. Olu hlobo lwenkqubo yokuphanda lunokusetyenziswa ukuphanda i-hypothesis enzima ukuvavanya.
Iindlela zokuPhando zoPhando
Izindlela zokuhlola zisetyenziswa ukubonisa ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi kwezinto ezihlukeneyo. Kulo vavanyo, umphandi uhlalutya ngokuchanekileyo umlinganiselo wenzalo (owaziwa njengezimeko ezizimeleyo) kwaye ulinge umphumo kwenye inotsingiselo (eyaziwa ngokuba yintlupheko exhomekeke kuyo). Ngokungafani nezifundo ze-correlational, ezingasetyenziselwa kuphela ukuchonga ukuba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kweenguqu ezimbini, iindlela zokulinga zingasetyenziselwa ukuchonga ubunjani bobuhlobo. Oko kuthetha ukuba ukuba utshintsho kwisitshixo esisodwa kubangela ukuba omnye atshintshe.
ILizwi
Iingcamango ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo naluphi na uphando lwezenzululwazi. Imelela oko abaphandi balindele ukufumana kwisifundo okanye ukuvavanya. Kwezinye iimeko, i-hypothesis yasekuqaleni iya kuxhaswa kwaye abaphandi baya kufumana ubungqina obuxhasa ukulindela kwabo ngohlobo lolwalamano phakathi kweenguqu ezahlukeneyo. Kwezinye iimeko, iziphumo zesifundo zingenakukwazi ukuxhasa i-hypothesis yasekuqaleni.
Kwimeko apho i-hypothesis ayisekelwa yiphando, oku akuthethi ukuba uphando alunanto. Uphando olunjalo lusinceda ukuba siqonde ukuba iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi zendalo zixhambelana njani, kusinceda sihlakulele iingcinga ezintsha ezinokuthi zivavanywe kwi-future research.
> Imithombo:
> Nevid, J. Psychology: Iingcamango kunye nezicelo . EBelmont, CA: iWadworth; 2013.