Wahlolisisa ukubaluleka kothando kunye nentlalo yoluntu
UHarry Harlow wayengumsizi weengqondo waseMerika okhunjulwa kakhulu ngoluhlu lwakhe lweengxabano kunye neengcinga ezikhohlakeleyo ngokugqithiseleyo ngama rhesus. Ukuze ufunde imiphumo yokuhlukana komama kunye nokuhlukaniswa kwezentlalo, uHarlow wabeka iinkunzi zeenkwenkwe ezincinini kumagumbi ahlukeneyo. Ezinye iintlobo zovavanyo ezibandakanyeka ukubeka iinkwenkwe ngamanina athile ayenziwe ngetambo okanye ngengubo ukuze abone ukuba yiziphi iincani ezincinane ezithandayo.
Kwamanye amaxesha, iimbongolo zaphakanyiswa ngokuzimeleyo kwithuba elide kwiinyanga ezingama-24, ezikhokelela ekuphazamiseni okuphazamisekileyo nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
Uphando lukaHarlow lubangele kakhulu ekuqondeni kwethu ukubaluleka kokunyamekela, ukuthanda, kunye nolwalamano olusenokuba ngumntu kwasekuqaleni komntu. Kwenye uphononongo lweengcali zeengqondo ezigqwesileyo zangekhulu lama-20, iHarlow yabalwa njengowesi-26 esicatshulwa kakhulu kwengqondo.
Funda kabanzi ngobomi bakhe, umsebenzi wakhe, kunye neminikelo yakhe kwingqondo.
"Okwangoku uthando okanye ukuthandana, iingqondo zengqondo ziye zahluleka kwimisebenzi yazo. Into esincinane esiyayaziyo ngothando ayinakugqithisela ukubonwa okulula, kwaye into encinane esiyibhale ngayo ibhalwe ngcono ngongqongqoshe kunye noonveli." - UHarry Harlow, "Uhlobo Lothando," ngo-1958
Eyaziwa kakhulu
- Uvavanyo lokuzihlukanisa kwezentlalo kunye neerhesus
Ukuzalwa nokufa
- UHarry Harlow wazalwa ngo-Oktobha 31, 1905, e-Fairfield, eIowa.
- Wafa ngoDisemba 6, 1981, eTuscan, eArizona.
Ubomi bakhe bokuqala
UHarry Harlow (owazalwa ngu-Harry Harry) wakhulela e-Iowa waza kamva waya kwiKholeji yaseReed ePortland, e-Oregon ngomnyaka owodwa. Emva kokudlula uvavanyo olukhethileyo, wabhalisa kwiYunivesithi yeStanford apho waqala khona njengesiNgesi.
Amabanga akhe ayembi kangangokuba emva kwesimester enye wayitshintshela ekufundweni kwengqondo.
Ngethuba e-Stanford, uHarlow wafunda kunye nomzululwazi u-Lewis Terman oye wavelisa uvavanyo lwe-intelligence yaseStanford-Binet. Ngowe-1930, wathola iFPD yakhe. kwi-Psychology kwaye kamva watshintsha igama lakhe lokugqibela ukusuka kwaSirayeli ukuya eHarlow.
Umsebenzi kaHarlow noPhando
Emva kokugqiba eStford, uHarlow wanikwa isikhundla kwiYunivesithi yaseWisconsin-Madison. Ngethuba esesikolweni, wasungula i-Laboratory ye-Primate Laboratory apho wayeza kwenza iimfuno zakhe zokuzihlukanisa kwezentlalo . Uchungechunge lwama-classic kaHarlow lwama-test olwenziwa phakathi kuka-1957 no-1963 kwaye lubandakanyeka ukwahlukanisa ama-rhesus amancinci amancinci kumama kamva emva kokuzalwa. Kunokuba iifana ezincinci ziphakanyiswe ngumama wenkwenkwe.
Enye inguqu yolu vavanyo, omnye "oomama" wenziwa ngokupheleleyo kwi-wire ngelixa elinye lihlanganiswe ngendwangu elithambileyo. UHarlow wafumanisa ukuba nangona kungakhathaliseki ukuba ingubo ivule umama onikezele ukutya, iimbongolo zezinyane ziza kumkholisa ukuze zithuthuzele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iinkawu ziza kukhetha kuphela umama wocingo xa ebonelela ukutya.
UHarlow unikezele iziphumo zakhe kwindibano yonyaka ye- American Psychological Association ngo-1958 kwaye yabika iziphumo zakhe kwinqaku yakhe yeklasi ethi "Uhlobo Luthando" kwiphephancwadi laseMelika .
Kamva iimvavanyo zikhangele ukwahlukana kwezentlalo ngokuphakamisa i-rhesus iimonke ngokubanzi okanye ngokwahlukana. UHarlow nabafundi bakhe bafumanisa ukuba ukwahlukana okunjalo kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye nokufa.
Yayinjani Imirhumo kaHarry Harlow kwiNzululwazi?
Uvavanyo lukaHarlow lwalukrakra kwaye luphikisana. Uninzi luya kuthathwa njengolukhohlakeleyo kwimilinganiselo yanamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwakhe ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni ukuqonda kwethu kwentuthuko yabantwana. Ingcamango ebalulekileyo kwixesha likaHarlow laphakanyiswa ukuba ukunyamekela abantwana abancinci "kuya kubaphanga" kwaye uthando lube luncitshiswa.
Umsebenzi wengingqi kaHarlow wabonisa ukubaluleka ngokubalulekileyo kokuhlakulela izibophelelo zengqondo ezikhuselekileyo, ezikhuselekileyo nezixhasayo kunye nabanonophelo abaselula.
Iingcali ezininzi ngelo xesha zazikholelwa ukuba ukutyisa kwakuyinkunzi ephambili phakathi kokubambisana nomama kunye nomntwana. Umsebenzi kaHarlow ucebise ukuba ngelixa ukunyusa kubalulekile, kukubambisana kunye noqhagamshelwano olubonelela ngentuthuzelo nokhuselo olufunwa ngumntwana ekuphuculweni okuqhelekileyo. Umsebenzi kaHarlow kunye nawabanye abaphandi abandakanya uphando lwezengqondo uJohn Bowlby kunye nodokotela wezilwanyana uBenjamin Spock bancedise ukuvuselela indlela yokunyamekela abantwana kunye nokukhulisa abantwana.
Iincwadi ezikhethiweyo
- I-Harlow, i-HF (ngo-1950. Impembelelo yezilonda ezinkulu ze-cortical ekuziphatheni okufundiweyo kwiinkwenkwezi.
- Harlow, HF (1958). Iziseko zoBomi kunye noBomi ngeendlela zokuziphatha. IYunivesithi yaseWisconsin Press.
- Harlow, HF, et al. (1971). Ezibuhlungu: Izifundo zokudandatheka. I-Psychology namhlanje (12) , 61-63.
- Harlow, HF (1973). Umama oshushu oguquguqukayo wokufunda isinamathiselo kwiintsana ezinsana. Izindlela zokuPhando zoBomi 5 (3), 269-272.
- Harlow, HF (1975). Ukukhanukela, latency, nothando: Imfihlelo yeSimian ye-sex ephumelelayo. Umbhalo woPhando loSondo 11 (2), 79-90.
Ukufundwa okucetywayo
- Harlow, HF (1958). Ubume bothando. I-American Psychologist, 13, 673-685.
- Blum, D. (2002). Uthando kwiGoon Park . ENew York: Perseus Publishing.