Utshintsho luyinto engatshintshwa okanye eyahlukileyo, efana nesimo okanye ixabiso. Imimandla ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswe kwiimvavanyo zengqondo ukujonga ukuba utshintsho kwizinto enye kubangela ukutshintshwa komnye.
Iintlobo ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yophando yengqondo. Ngokuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo kwezinye iinguqu kunye nokulinganisa iziphumo kwezinye iinguqulelo, abaphandi banokugqiba ukuba ukutshintsha kwenye into kubangela utshintsho kwenye into.
IziTshintsho eziLondelweyo kunye ezizimeleyo
Kwimvavanyo yengqondo:
- Uguquko oluzimeleyo luyintlobo elawulwayo kwaye ilawulwa ngumhloli. Ngokomzekelo, ekuvavanyeni kwempembelelo yokulala ekusebenzeni ukuvavanya, ukulahlwa kokulala kuya kuba yinto ehlukeneyo.
- Uhlobo oluxhomekeke kuyo luyinto echazwe ngumlingisi. Kwimzekelo yethu yangaphambili, amanqaku kwimilinganiselo yokusebenza kwemvavanyo iya kuba yinto exhomekeke kuyo.
Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iimpendulo ezizimeleyo nezixhomekeke kuzo azikho kuphela eziguqukayo ezikhoyo kwiimvavanyo ezininzi. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuguquguquka okungafaniyo kunokudlala indima. Olu hlobo lokuguquguquka lunokuthi lube nefuthe kulwalamano phakathi kwezinto ezizimeleyo nezixhomekeke kuzo.
Ngokomzekelo, kwingcaciso yethu yangaphambili yolu vavanyo kwimiphumo yokulahla ubuthongo ekusebenzeni uvavanyo, ezinye izinto ezifana nobudala, isini kunye nemvelaphi yemfundo inokuchaphazela kwiziphumo.
Kwiimeko ezinjalo, umhloli uzakuqwalasela ixabiso lezinto eziguquguqukayo, oko ke le nto ifuthe kwimiphumo ingalawulwa.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezisisiseko zokuguquguquka kwangaphandle:
- Iinguqu ezibandakanyekayo: Ezi ziguquko ezihambelanayo zihambelana neempawu ngamnye zomntu ochaphazelekayo onokuchaphazela indlela aphendula ngayo. Ezi zinto zingabandakanya ukungafani kwemvelaphi, imizwa, ukuxhalabisa, ukuqonda, ukuqonda kunye nezinye iimpawu ezizodwa kumntu ngamnye.
- Imimandla engqinelanayo: Ezi zintlukwano ezihambelanayo zixhomekeke kwizinto ezisingqongileyo ezinokuchaphazela ukuba ngamnye uthatha inxaxheba njani. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umntu othabatha inxaxheba uvavanya kwigumbi elinyanyayo, ubushushu buya kuthathwa njengento eguquguqukayo. Abanye abathathi-nxaxheba abanokuthi bangachaphazelwa ngubanda, kodwa abanye banokuphazamiseka okanye bacasulwe kukushisa kwegumbi.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, iinguqu ezidityanisiweyo zilawulwa ngumhloli. Kwimeko yezinto ezichaphazelekayo, uvavanyo lunokukhetha abathathi-nxaxheba abafanayo kwimvelaphi kunye nesimo sokuqinisekisa ukuba ezi zinto aziphazamisi iziphumo. Ukuba, nangona kunjalo, uguquko alukwazi ukulawulwa, luba yinto eyaziwa ngokuba yinto edibanisayo . Olu hlobo lokutshintsha lunokuba nefuthe kwiintlobo ezixhomekeke kuzo, ezinokukwenza kube nzima ukunquma ukuba ngaba iziphumo zibangelwa yimpembelelo yezinto ezizimeleyo, uguquko oluphazamisayo okanye ukusebenzisana kwabo babini.
UkuSebenza ngokucacileyo ukuchaneka
Ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutywe i-psychology test , kubalulekile ukudala iinkcazo zokusebenza ezizinzileyo zombini ezizimeleyo eziguqukileyo nezixhomekeke kuzo. Inkcazo yokusebenza ichaza indlela iimpawu ezahlukileyo zilinganiswa ngayo kwaye zichazwe kwisifundo.
Ngokomzekelo, ekuhloleni kwethu okucingayo kwimiphumo yokunciphisa ubuthongo ekusebenzeni uvavanyo, kuya kufuneka sidale inkcazo ecacileyo yokusebenza kwiintlobo zethu ezimbini. Ukuba i- hypothesis ithi "Abafundi abalele ukulala baya kuba nomlinganiselo ophantsi kumvavanyo," ngoko siya kuba neengcamango ezimbalwa ezahlukileyo ukuchaza. Okokuqala, sithetha ntoni ngabafundi ? Ngokomzekelo wethu, masichaze abafundi njengabathathi-nxaxheba ababhalise kwiklasi yezoyunivesithi yokuqala.
Emva koko, kufuneka sichaze ngokucacileyo ukutshatyalaliswa kokulahla kokulala . Ngokomzekelo wethu, masithi ukunyanzelwa kokulala kubhekisela kulabathathi-nxaxheba abaye bafumana iiyure ezingaphantsi kwezihlanu zokulala ubusuku ngaphambi kovavanyo.
Ekugqibeleni, kufuneka senze inkcazelo yokusebenza yoluhlu olutshintsho. Kulo mzekelo, uguquko oluthatywayo luya kuchazwa njengamanqaku omfundi kwisifundo se sahluko kwikhosi yengqondo yokuqala.
Abafundi bahlala bexela iingxaki ngokuchonga iimpendulo ezizimeleyo kunye nezixhomekeke ekuhlolweni. Nangona umsebenzi unokuba nzima kunzima njengoko ubunzima boluvavanyo luyanda, kukho imibuzo embalwa ongayibuza xa uzama ukufumanisa ukuhluka.
Yintoni ozama ukuyenza? Izinto ezitshintshayo, mhlawumbi ngokwemvelo okanye ngokuchithwa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-experimenter, ngokubanzi zizinto ezizimeleyo. Yintoni elinganiswayo? Uhlobo oluxhomekeke kuyo lusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa.
> Imithombo:
> Evans, AN & Rooney, BJ. Iindlela kwiPhysical Research. Amawaka ama-Oaks, CA: I-SAGE Publications; 2014.
> Kantowitz, BH, Roediger, HL, & Elmes, DG. Psychology yovavanyo. I-Stamfort, CT: I-Cengage Learning; 2015.