Imemori engaphelelekanga, kwaye ukulibala kuqhelekileyo kunokuba ungacinga.
Ukulibala yinto eqhelekileyo yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngamanye amaxesha imemori yeememori ilula kwaye ingenabulungisa, njengokulibala ukubuyisela umnxeba. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukulibala kunokuba lunzima kakhulu kwaye nokuba nemiphumo emibi, njengokuba umboneli ozibonela ebhaliweyo iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho.
Kutheni si libala? Ukulibala apho ushiye khona izitshixo zakho ukulibala ukubuyisela umnxeba umnxeba, ukuhluleka kweememori kuyinto eqhubekayo imihla ngemihla.
Ukulibala kuqhelekile ukuba mhlawumbi uthembele kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukunceda ukhumbule ulwazi olubalulekileyo njengokuba ubeka amanqaku kumcwangcisi wosuku okanye ucwangcise imicimbi ebalulekileyo kwikhalenda yefowuni yakho.
Njengoko uhamba ngokukhawuleza ufuna iitshixo zemoto zakho ezilahlekile, kunokubonakala ngathi ulwazi malunga nalapho uwashiye luya khona ngokusisigxina kwimemori yakho. Nangona kunjalo, ukulibala ngokuqhelekileyo akukhona malunga nokulahlekelwa okanye ukucima le ngcaciso kwimemori yakho yexesha elide. Ukulibala ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukungaphumeleli ekubuyiseni imemori . Nangona ulwazi lusekho kwimemori yakho yexesha elide, awukwazi ukuyibuyisela kwaye uyayikhumbula.
Kutheni ixesha elide lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulibalekeni
Isazi seengqondo uHermann Ebbinghaus sasinye sazokuqala kwisayensi ngokufunda ukulibala. Kwizilingo apho wayezisebenzisayo njengesihloko, i-Ebbinghaus yavavanya imemori yakhe usebenzisa iilebhile zeetekisi ezingabonakaliyo.
Wayexhomekeke kumazwi angenangqondo ngenxa yokuba ukusebenzisa amagama awaziwayo ngaphambili kwakuza kubandakanya ukudweba ngolwazi lwakhe kunye nemibutho kwimemori yakhe.
Ukuze kuhlolwe ulwazi olutsha, i-Ebbinghaus yavavanya imemori yakhe ixesha elide ukususela kwiintsuku ezingama-20 ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-31. Emva koko wapapasha iziphumo zakhe ngo-1885 kwiNkumbulo: Igalelo kwiScience Psychology .
Iziphumo zakhe, ezicwangcisiweyo kwizinto ezaziwa ngokuba yi-Ebbinghaus ukulibala ijika, zityhila ubuhlobo phakathi kokulibala kunye nexesha. Ekuqaleni, ulwazi lulahleka ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba lufundwa. Izinto ezifana nendlela ulwazi oluye lwafundwa ngayo kunye nendlela ephindaphindiwe ngayo xa lihlaziywa ludlala indima ekukhawuleziseni ukuba le nkumbulo ilahleke.
Ikhefu lokulibala libonise ukuba ukulibala akuqhubeki ukuhla kwexesha lonke ulwazi lu lahlekile. Kwinqanaba elithile, inani lokulibala amanqanaba. Kuthetha ukuthini oku oku? Kubonisa ukuba ulwazi olugcinwe kwimemori yesikhathi eside luyamangalisa.
Indlela yokulinganisa ukulibala
Ngamanye amaxesha kubonakala ngathi ulwazi lulibalekile, kodwa kunye neengcinga ezifihlakeleyo kunokunceda ukukhumbuza imemori. Cinga ngethuba lokugqibela uthabathe uvavanyo lwesikolo. Nangona uqale uziva ubalekile kwaye ungakulungelelwanga, ukubona ulwazi olwenziwe ekuhlolweni lunokunceda ukukhawuleza ukufunyanwa kolwazi onokungazi ukuba uyakhumbula.
Ngoko sazi njani ukuba kukho into ekhohliweyo?
Kukho iindlela ezimbalwa ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa oku:
- Khumbula: Abantu abaye bacelwa ukuba bakhumbule into ethile, njengoluhlu lwemiqathango, banokucelwa ukuba bakhumbule uluhlu kwimemori. Ngokubona ukuba zininzi izinto ezikhunjulwayo, abaphandi banako ukufumanisa ukuba uluphi ulwazi olulibalekileyo. Le ndlela ingabandakanya ukukhunjulwa kwamahhala (ukukhumbuza izinto ngaphandle kweengcebiso) okanye ukukhumbuza ukukhumbuza (usebenzisa iziphakamiso zokukhumbuza iinkumbulo).
- Ukwazisa: Le ndlela ibandakanya ukuchonga ulwazi oluye lwafundwa ngaphambili. Kwimvavanyo, umzekelo, abafundi bafanele baqonde ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo awayeyifunayo malunga nesahluko sokufunda kwabo abelwe.
Ngoko Kutheni Sikhohlwa?
Kakade ke, ezininzi izinto zinokubangela ukulibala. Ngamanye amaxesha unokuphazamiseka xa ufunda ulwazi olutsha, olunokuthetha ukuba awunakuwugcina ngokwenene ulwazi olude ngokwaneleyo ukulikhumbula emva koko. Umphandi okhumbuleyo wememori uElizabeth Loftus ucebise iifsi zethu ezibalulekileyo zokuthi kungani ukulibala kwenzeka .
Ezi zizathu ezine ezibalulekileyo zokulibala ukuba utsho:
- Ukungaphumeleli kokubuyisela
- Ukungenelela
- Ukungaphumeleli ukugcina
- Ukukhuthaza ukulibala
Ezinye ezimbalwa zeengcamango zokulibala ziquka:
ITheory Interference Theory
Yintoni oyenayo yokuhlwada ngoLwesibili ngobusuku beveki evelayo? Ngaba kunzima ukukhumbula? Ukuba umntu wayibuze loo mbuzo ngoLwesithathu ekuseni mhlawumbi wayengazange ube neengxaki zokukhumbula into owaye wayidla ngobusuku bo busuku. Kodwa njengeentsuku zokungena, iikhunjuzo zonke ezinye ukutya ozidlile ukususela ngoko ziqala ukuphazamisa imemori yakho yeso sidlo esisodwa. Lo ngumzekelo omhle wento i-psychologists ekuthiwa yi-theory yokuphazamiseka yokulibala.
Ngokutsho kweengcamango zokuphazamisa, ukulibala kuyiphumo leememori ezahlukileyo eziphazamisanayo. Kunzima ukukhumbula oko kwenzekayo kwinqanaba leentsuku ezimbini zesikolo esedlulileyo kuba ezinye iintsuku zenzeke ukususela ngoko. Iziganeko ezibini ezifanayo okanye ngaphezulu ziza komnye nomnye, ukuphazamiseka okungakumbi kuya kwenzeka.
Iziganeko eziyingqayizivele kwaye ezahlukileyo, nangona kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ziphazamiseke. I-promotion yakho yebanga le-12, ukugqweswa kwesikolo esiphakamileyo, umtshato kunye nokuzalwa komntwana wakho wokuqala kunokukhunjulwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ziyimpikiswano yodwa-iintsuku ezingafani nenye.
Ukubandakanywa kubandakanya indima kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yimpembelelo yesigxina , okanye ukuthambekela kokukhumbula izinto zokuqala nezokugqibela kwoluhlu.
Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba ubhale uluhlu lwezentengiso kodwa ukhohliwe ukuyithatha nawe kwivenkile. Kukho konke, mhlawumbi uya kukwazi ukukhumbula izinto zokuqala nezokugqibela kwoluhlu lwakho, kodwa unokulibala ezininzi izinto eziphakathi. Into yokuqala ubhala phantsi kwaye into yokugqibela owabhala phantsi ibonakala ngokucacileyo, kanti into yesine kunye nempahla yesixhenxe inokubonakala ibonakala ngokufanayo kwaye iphazamisana.
Kukho iintlobo ezibini zokuphazamiseka ezinokuthi zenzeke:
- Ukuphazamiseka okutshintshileyo kwenzeka xa ulwazi olusandul 'ukufumana luphazamisa iinkumbulo ezindala. Umzekelo, utitshala ofunda amagama eklasi lakhe elitsha labafundi ekuqaleni komnyaka wesikolo unokufumanisa kunzima ukukhumbula amagama wabafundi eklasini lakhe kunyaka odlulileyo. Ulwazi olutsha luphazamisa ulwazi oludala.
- Ukuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo kwenzeka xa ulwazi olufunyenwe ngaphambili lwenza kube nzima ukwenza imemori emitsha. Ukufunda inombolo entsha yefowuni okanye idijithali ingaba nzima, umzekelo, ngenxa yokuba iinkumbulo zakho zenombolo yakho yefowuni kunye nokudibanisa kukuphazamisa ulwazi olutsha.
Ukuphelisa ukuphazamiseka akunakwenzeka, kodwa kukho izinto ezimbalwa ongayenza ukuze unciphise imiphumo. Enye yezinto ezilungileyo kakhulu ongayenza ukuhlaziya ulwazi olutsha ukuze ulunge ngakumbi kwimemori. Enyanisweni, iingcali ezininzi zincoma ukugqithisa ulwazi olubalulekileyo, olubandakanya ukuphinda uhlaziye ngokuphindaphindiweyo izinto ezize zize ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde zenziwe ngokugqibeleleyo kungekho mpazamo.
Elinye iqhinga lokulwa nokuphazamiseka kukutshintshela i-routine yakho kwaye ukhuphe ukufunda izinto ezifanayo emva. Ngokomzekelo, ungazami ukufunda isigama sesiqendu sakho solimi lwaseSpain emva kokuba ufunde imigaqo yeklasi yakho yaseJamani. Qhawula izinto kunye nokutshintshela kwisifundo esihluke ngokupheleleyo kwiseshoni nganye yesifundo.
Ukulala kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni kwememori. Abaphandi bacinga ukuba ukulala emva kokuba ufunde into entsha kukuba enye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokuguqula iinkumbulo ezintsha zibe zihlala.
Iingcamango ze-Decay of Forgetting
Ngokomxholo we-memory, ukubunjwa kweememori ezintsha kubangelwa ukuguqulwa komzimba kunye neyemichiza engqondweni ekhokelela kwimemori. Ingcaciso kwimemori yexesha elifutshane ihlala malunga nemizuzu engama-15 ukuya kwe-30 kwaye ukuba ingabuyi kuphinda iphindwe, imemori ye-neurochemical ilandele ngokukhawuleza.
Ngokomxholo wokubola ukukhumbula, iziganeko ezenzeka phakathi kokubunjwa kwememori kunye nokukhumbula imemori akukho mpembelelo ekukhunjuleni. Kunoko, ulandelelwano lweengcamango luphakamisa ukuba ubude bexesha phakathi kweememori nokukhumbula loo ngcaciso inquma ukuba ulwazi luya kugcinwa okanye lulibale. Ukuba ixesha elifutshane lifutshane, ulwazi oluninzi luyakukhunjulwa. Ukuba ixesha elide lidlula, ulwazi oluninzi luya kulibaleka kwaye imemori iya kuba yindlala.
Incamango yokuba iimbongo ziphela emva kwexesha azikho ezintsha. Ifilosofi yamaGrike uPlato wasikisela into enjalo ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-2 500 edluleyo. Kamva, uphando olwenziwa ngamagqirha weengqondo ezifana ne-Ebbinghaus luqinisile le ngcamango.
Enye yeengxaki ngale ngcamango kukuba kunzima ukubonisa ukuba ixesha elilodwa lijongene nokunciphisa ukukhumbula. Kwiimeko zehlabathi zangempela, ezininzi izinto ziya kwenzeka phakathi kokubunjwa kwememori kunye nokukhumbula loo ngcaciso.
Umfundi ofunda into eklasini, umzekelo, unokuba namakhulu amava ahlukeneyo kunye nomntu ngamnye phakathi kokufunda loo nkcukacha kwaye kufuneka akhumbule kulo mvavanyo.
Ngaba ukulibala umhla owawuqala ngawo iMelika yaseMelika yokuVikela ngenxa yobude bexesha phakathi kokufunda umhla kwiklasi lakho leMbali yaseMerika kwaye uvavanywa kuyo, okanye ingaba inkoliso yolwazi efunyenwe ngexesha lexesha lidlala indima? Ukuvavanya oku kunokuba nzima kakhulu kuba kungenakwenzeka ukuba kupheliswe yonke ingcaciso enokuba nefuthe ekwakheni imemori nokukhumbula imemori.
Enye ingxaki nge-decay theory ayikho isizathu sokuba ezinye iinkumbulo ziphephe ngokukhawuleza xa abanye behlala. Inveli yinto ebangela indima ekubangela ukuba ezinye izinto zikhunjulwe kanti ezinye zilibalekile.
Ngokomzekelo, unakho ukukhumbula usuku lwakho lokuqala lwekholeji ngaphezu kwazo zonke iintsuku zokungena phakathi kwalo kunye nokugqiba. Loo suku wokuqala wawusandul 'umdla kwaye uthakazelisa, kodwa zonke iintsuku ezilandelayo zibonakala zifana ngokufanayo.
I-Theory of Failure Theory
Ngamanye amaxesha kukho iinkumbulo, asikwazi nje ukufikelela kuzo. Izizathu ezibini zezizathu zokungaphumeleli ekufunyaneni imemori zihambelana nokuhluleka kwekhowudi kunye nokungabikho kweziphumo zokufumana. Isizathu esiqhelekileyo sokuba kutheni sikhumbule ulwazi kukuba aluzange lube yinto engummiselo wexesha elide kwindawo yokuqala. Zama lo mboniso owaziwayo kuqala owenziwa ngabaphandi uNickerson kunye no-Adams. Ukusuka kwimemori, zama ukutsala umva wecenny. Xa usenzile, qhathanisa umzobo wakho kwi penny yangempela.
Ngaba uyamangaliswa yindlela owakhumbula ngayo into embi ebonakalayo emva kwe penny? Nangona mhlawumbi ube neengcamango ezilungileyo malunga nobume nombala jikelele, iinkcukacha zangempela mhlawumbi zazintle. Ngoba? Ekubeni akudingeki ukuba wazi ukuba umva we penny ukhangeleka njani ukuhlula phakathi kwezinye iirhafu, ucinga nje kuphela ingcaciso oyifunayo - ubungakanani obukhulu, umlo, kunye nombala weemali. Awukwazi ukukhumbula ukuba umva we penny ubukeka njani ngathi loo nkcazelo ayizange ifakwe kwi-memory kwindawo yokuqala.
Inkcazo-exhomekeke kwiCue-Dependent of Forgetting
Abanye abaphandi bacebise ukuba ngamanye amaxesha ulwazi lusekho kwinkumbulo, kodwa ukuba alukwazi ukukhunjulwa ngaphandle kokuba kulandwe iingcamango zokufumana. Ezi zihloko zizinto ezikhoyo ngexesha lokuba imemori yangempela ibhalwe ngekhowudi. Umzekelo, ukukhumbula iinkcukacha zomhla wokuqala kunye neqabane lakho kunokuba lula xa uthe wavumba isiphumo esifanayo apho iqabane lakho laligqoke ngalo mhla wokuqala. Isiqhamo sokufunyanwa (i-perfume) sasikhona xa loo memori yadalwa, ngoko kukunuka kwakhona kunokubangela ukubuyiswa kwezi zikhumbuzo.
Iingcamango Zokugqibela
Kukho iingcamango ezininzi ukuchaza indlela kwaye kutheni siyibala. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezininzi zezi nkcazo zingabangela isizathu sokuba asikwazi ukukhumbula. Ukuhamba kwexesha kunokukwenza ukuba kunzima ukukhumbula inkumbulo (ngenkcazelo yokubola), ngelixa ubuninzi beenkcukacha ezixhomekeke ekuqwalaseleni kwethu ingabangela ukhuphiswano phakathi kweemkhumbuzo ezindala kunye nezitsha (intsingiselo yokuphazamiseka).
Nangona ukulibala liyingxenye yobomi, kukho izinto ezininzi esinokuzenza ukuphucula iinkumbulo zethu kwaye sibe ngcono xa sikhumbula ulwazi. Emva koko, jonga ngokubhekisele kwezinye zezinto ezahlukeneyo ongayenza ngoku ukuphucula imemori yakho .
Imithombo:
Brown, J. Ezinye iimvavanyo zendlela yokubola yokukhumbula imemori. Ikota Yengqungquthela Yeengcali Zengqondo. 1958; 10: 12-21.
UkuHlola, iRR, ne-Worthen, i-JB Ukuhlukanisa kunye neMemori . Oxford, NY: I-Oxford University Press; 2006.
Nickerson, RS, kunye ne-Adams, MJ Imemori yesikhathi eside yinto eqhelekileyo. I-Cognitive Psychology, ngo-1979; 11 (3): 287-307.
Ukukhupha, E. Ukuxhomekeka kweCue ukulibala. American Scientist. 1974; 62: 74-82.
U-Willingham, u-CT Ukuqonda: Isilwanyana sokucinga (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: I-Pearson / iPrentice Hall; 2007.