Ingqondo ingaba nefuthe elinamandla emzimbeni, kwaye kwezinye iimeko kunokunceda umzimba uphilise. Ingqondo inokubakhohlisa ngamanye amaxesha ukuba ukholelwe ukuba unyango lwamaqhinga lunempembelelo yonyango yangempela, into eyaziwa ngokuba yimpembelelo ye-placebo. Kwezinye iimeko, ezi ndawo zingabangela impembelelo enamandla ngokwaneleyo ukulinganisa iziphumo zonyango lwangonyango.
Kodwa impembelelo ye-placebo ingaphezulu nje kokucinga okulungileyo. Xa le mpendulo kumathambo enkohliso ivela, izigulane ezininzi aziyazi ukuba ziphendula oko "nto ipilisi yeshukela." Iindawo zokuhlala zihlala zisetyenziselwa uphando lwezogqirha ukunceda oogqirha kunye nososayensi ukuba bafumene kwaye baqonde kangangoko imiphumo yomzimba kunye nengqondo yonyango olutsha.
Ukuze uqonde ukuba kutheni i-placebo impembelelo ibalulekile, kubalulekile ukuqonda ngakumbi malunga nokuba kutheni kwaye kusebenza ntoni.
Ukujonga ngokugqithiseleyo Impembelelo yePalabo
Impembelelo ye-placebo ichazwa njengento apho abanye abantu bafumana inzuzo emva kokulawulwa kwezinto ezingasebenzi okanye unyango lwezonyango.
Yiyiphi na indawo eyi-placebo? Indawo ye-placebo yinto engenazo iziphumo zonyango eyaziwayo, njengamanzi angenayo, isisombululo saline, okanye ipilisi yeshukela. Indawo ye-placebo yonyango lokukhohlisa apho kwezinye iimeko kunokuvelisa impendulo yangempela.
Kutheni abantu beva utshintsho lwangempela ngenxa yonyango? Ukulindela kwesigulane kubambe indima ebalulekileyo kwimpembelelo ye-placebo; ngakumbi umntu ulindele ukuba unyango lusebenze, mhlawumbi baza kubonisa impendulo ye-placebo.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, umntu ongazi ukuba unyango abayifumanayo ngokwenene yi-placebo.
Kunoko, bakholelwa ukuba bayamkela unyango lokwenene. I-placebo yenzelwe ukuba ibonakale ngokwenene njengonyango lwangonyani, nokuba yipilisi, injection, okanye i-liquidable consumable, kodwa i-substance ayinayo impembelelo ebonakalayo kwisifo okanye imeko efuna ukuyiphatha.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba "indawo ye-placebo" kunye ne "placebo effect" zizinto ezahlukeneyo. I-placebo yesikhundla ibhekisela kwisicatshulwa esingasebenziyo, ngelixa i-placebo yefuthe elichaphazelekayo libhekisela kuyo nayiphi na imiphumo yokuthatha iyeza elingenakuthi igalelwe unyango ngokwayo.
Iindawo zenzelwe njani uphando lwezonyango?
Kuphando lwezobugqirha, ezinye izigulane kwisifundo zinokulawulwa i-placebo ngelixa abanye abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana unyango. Injongo yokwenza oku kukuqinisekisa ukuba okanye ingekho unyango unempembelelo yangempela. Ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bathatha isixhobo sonyango kubonisa ukuphuculwa okukhulu kulabo bathatha indawo ye-placebo, isifundo sinokukunceda ukuxhasa ibango lokusebenza kweziyobisi.
Nangona indawo ye-placebo ingenasiphumo kwisifo, sinokuchaphazela ngokwenene indlela abanye abantu abavakalelwa ngayo. Kwenzeka njani ukuba esi siqhamo sinokuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye izinto ezinokuchaphazela umphumo we-placebo ziquka:
- Ubume bokugula
- Ngaba isigulane esinamandla sikholelwa ukuba unyango luya kusebenza
- Uhlobo lompendulo isigulane silindele ukukubona
- Udidi lwemiyalezo emihle ugqirha uthumela malunga nokuphuculwa kwempatho
- Izifo zeGenesis nazo zinokuchaphazela indlela abantu abayiphendula ngayo kwiindawo zonyango ze-placebo
Olunye uphando lucetyise ukuba abanye abantu banakho ukufumana i-genetic preposition to respond more to the placebos. Kuhlolisiso, izigulane ezinokuba zineendlela eziphezulu okanye ezizenzekelayo ze-gene ezilawula amaqondo e-dopamine kwi-correx ye-cortex yeengqondo zineempendulo ezahlukeneyo kwi-placebo. Abo babe ne-high-dopamine inguqu ye-gene babenokukwazi ukufumana impendulo kwonyango lwe-placebo kunokuba abo babenomxholo ophantsi we-gene.
Uphando lufumene ukuba abantu abane-high-dopamine inguqu yeli geni banokuba namaqondo aphezulu okuqonda intlungu kunye nokufuna umvuzo.
Xa uvavanya amayeza amasha kunye nezinye iindlela zokwelapha, izazinzulu zinomdla ekufundeni ukuba ngaba olu unyango olutsha luxabisekileyo ekuphatheni isigulo esiphezulu naziphi na iingozi. Ngophando lwabo, bafuna ukufunda ukuba unyango lusebenza njani, uhlobo lweempembelelo ezinokuthi zivelise, zeziphi izigulane ezinokuzuza kakhulu, nokuba ingaba zingasebenzi ngaphantsi kwezinye iindlela zonyango ezikhoyo.
Ngokuthelekiswa nemiphumo yonyango kwi-placebo, abaphandi banethemba lokukwazi ukubona ukuba imiphumo yonyango ingenxa yonyango ngokwayo okanye ibangelwa enye into eguqukayo.
Iinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-Placebo
Enye yeenzuzo ezinkulu zokusebenzisa i-placebo kwizifundo zezokwelapha nezengqondo kukuba ivumela abaphandi ukuba baphelise okanye bancitshise umphumo onokulindelekileyo kwisiphumo. Ukuba abaphandi balindele ukufumana isiphumo esithile, basenokungazi ngokungazi kakuhle iimpawu, ezibizwa ngokuba ziimpawu zentswelo , ezinokubangela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba baqikelele oko abaphandi abanethemba lokufumana. Ngenxa yoko, iziganeko zokuthatha inxaxheba zingahle zitshintshe.
Ukuze kuncitshiswe oku, abaphandi ngezinye iinkhathi baphatha into eyaziwa ngokuba yi- double blind-study . Ezi zifundo zibandakanya zombini abacebisi kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abangazi ukuba ngubani ofumana unyango lwangempela kwaye ofumana unyango lobuxoki. Ngokunciphisa umngcipheko wezinto ezikhohlisayo ezithintela uphando, abaphandi banokukwazi ukujonga indlela impembelelo yezobisi kunye ne-placebo.
Imizekelo yePhethibo yePalabo
Ngokomzekelo, makhe sicinge ukuba umntu othabatha inxaxheba uye wazinikela ngokuzithandela kwisifundo ukuze anqume ukuphumelela kwesicatshulwa esitsha sentloko. Emva kokuba athathe le nkunkuma, ufumanisa ukuba intloko yakhe ihamba ngokukhawuleza, kwaye uvakalelwa ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, kamva ufunda ukuba wayeseqela le-placebo kwaye ukuba isilwanyana esinikwe sona sasisipilisi yeshukela.
Esinye seziphumo ze-placebo esona sifunde kakhulu kunye esinamandla kunokunciphisa intlungu. Ngokwezinye iingqikelelo, malunga nama-30 ukuya kuma-60 ekhulwini abantu baya kuziva ukuba intlungu yabo iyancipha emva kokuthatha ipilisi ye-placebo.
Kwezinye iimeko, ukanti unyango lwangonyango luya kuzuza kwi-effectbo ye-placebo. Abaphengululi baye bafumanisa ukuba indlela enempumelelo ngayo unyango ohanjiswe ngunyango unempembelelo kwindlela izigulane ezithatha ngayo kakuhle unyango.
Impembelelo yePalabo kwiiNgqondo zengqondo
Kwimvavanyo yengqondo, indawo ye-placebo yonyango olusilumkiso okanye into engenazo iziphumo eziyaziwayo. Abaphandi bangasebenzisa iqela lokulawula indawo ye-placebo, eliqela labafundi abathatywayo kwi-placebo okanye iinguqu ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo. Iimpembelelo zonyango lwendawo ye-placebo ke lifaniswa nemiphumo yoluhlu oluzimeleyo lwangomdla kwiqela lokulinga .
Nangona indawo ye-placebos ingenalo unyango lwangempela, abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba banokuba nemiphumo eyahlukeneyo yomzimba kunye nengqondo. Abathathi-nxaxheba kumaqela ase-placebo baye babonisa utshintsho kwisantya senhliziyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, amanqanaba okuxhalaba, intlungu, ukukhathala, kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo. Ezi mpembelelo zikhomba inxaxheba yengqondo kwimpilo nangentlalo-ntle.
Yintoni ebangela i-Placebo Impact?
Nangona abaphandi bazi ukuba ukusebenza kwe-placebo kusebenza, abayiqondi ngokupheleleyo ngokucacileyo ukuba kutheni le nto ithathwa ngayo. Uphando luqhubeka malunga nokuba kutheni abanye abantu bafumana utshintsho nangona bafumana i-placebo kuphela. Inani lezinto ezahlukeneyo linokubangela inkcazo kule nkcazo.
Iindawo zendawo zingabangela izimpendulo zeHormone
Enye into enokwenzeka ukuba ukuthatha indawo ye-placebo kubangela ukukhululwa kwe-endorphins. I-Endorphins inesakhiwo esifana ne-morphine kunye nezinye i-opiate painkillers kwaye zenza njengengqondo yengqondo yengqondo.
Abaphandi baye bakwazi ukubonisa ukusebenza kwendawo ye-placebo ngokusebenzisa i-brain scans, kubonisa ukuba iindawo eziqulethe i- opiate receptors zenziwe kusebenze kwi-placebo kunye namaqela enyango. I-Naloxone ngumphikisi we-opioid ovimba ii-endorphins zendalo kunye neziyobisi ze-opioid. Ukusebenzisa i-naloxone, i-placebo intlungu yoxolo iyancitshiswa.
Ukulindela kunokuthintela iimpendulo zePaintbo
Ezinye iinkcazo ezinokwenzeka zibandakanya isimo, iinjongo kunye nokulindela. Kwezinye iimeko, indawo ye-placebo inokubambisana kunye nonyango oluze lusetyenziswe ukukhupha umphumo onqwenelayo, umzekelo wemeko yeklasiki . Abantu abakhuthazwa kakhulu ukuba bakholelwe ukuba unyango luya kusebenza, okanye ngubani obenomsebenzi wonyango ngaphambili, unokuba nempumelelo yokufumana impembelelo ye-placebo.
Ukumisela ugqirha wegqirha unyango lunokuchaphazela nendlela impendulo yesigulane. Ukuba ugqirha ubonakala enomtsalane ukuba unyango luya kuba nomphumo onqwenelekayo, isigulane sinokuthi sinokubona izibonelelo ekuthathweni kweziyobisi. Oku kubonisa ukuba impembelelo ye-placebo inokuthi yenzeke xa isigulane sithatha imithi yonyango ukunyanga isigulo.
Iindawo zokuhlala ziyakwazi kwakhona ukuvelisa iziphumo zecala
Ngokwahlukileyo, abantu ngabanye banokufumana iimpawu ezingenakwenzeka njengempendulo kwindawo ye-placebo, impendulo edlalwa ngamanye amaxesha ngokuthi "impembelelo yecebo." Ngokomzekelo, isigulane sinokubika ukuba sinentloko, isicathulo okanye isisulu sezulu kwisabela kwi-placebo.
Unamandla Kangakanani I-Placebo Impumelelo?
Nangona isiphumo se-placebo sinokuchaphazela indlela izigulane zivakalelwa ngayo, uphando lubonisa ukuba iziphumo ze-placebo azichaphazeli kakhulu kwisifo esingaphantsi. Ukuphononongwa okubalulekileyo kwezifundo ezingaphezu kwama-200 ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweendawo zokubeka indawo zafumanisa ukuba indawo ye-placebo yayingenayo imiphumo ebalulekileyo ekliniki ekuguleni. Kunoko, impembelelo ye-placebo yaba nempembelelo kwimiphumo echazwe ngesigulane, ngokukodwa kwimibono yesohlwayo kunye nentlungu.
Nangona kunjalo, olunye uphononongo olwenziwa emva kweminyaka emithathu lufumanisa ukuba kwiindawo ezifanayo, zombini indawo kunye nezokwelapha zineempembelelo ezifanayo. Ababhali baphetha ngokuthi indawo ye-placebos, xa isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo, inokuba luncedo kwizigulane njengenxalenye yesicwangciso sonyango.
ILizwi
Impembelelo ye-placebo ingaba nefuthe elinamandla kwindlela abantu abavakalelwa ngayo, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba bakhumbule ukuba ayilona unyango lomqathango ophantsi. Ngokusebenzisa i-placebo kwiphando, izazinzulu ziyakwazi ukufumana ingcamango engcono yendlela unyango oluchaphazela ngayo izigulane nokuba ingaba amatsha amachiza kunye neendlela zokwenza unyango zikhuselekile kwaye ziyasebenza.
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> IHolo, iKT. okqhubekayo. I-Catechol-O-Methyltransferase val158met Polymorphism Ixela i-Placebo Impumelelo kwi-Irritable Bowel Syndrome. PLOSOne; 2012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048135.
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