Ukuqhuba uvavanyo lwakho lokuqala lwezengqondo lunokuba yinkqubo ende, eyinkimbinkimbi kunye neyesongelo. Oku kunokudideka ngakumbi ukuba awuqinisekanga ukuba ungaqalaphi na ukuba yeyiphi na amanyathelo okuza kuthatha. Njengazo ezinye izazinzululwazi, i-psychology isebenzisa indlela yezenzululwazi kwaye isiseko sezigqibo malunga nobungqina obuphambili. Xa uqhuba uvavanyo, kubalulekile ukulandela amanyathelo amahlanu ayisiseko kwindlela yesayensi:
- Buza umbuzo onokuvavanywa
- Yenza isifundo kwaye uqokelele idatha
- Hlaziya iziphumo uze ufinyelele izigqibo
- Yabelana ngeziphumo kunye noluntu lwesayensi
- Phinda uphendule iziphumo
Ezi nyathelo ezintlanu zisebenza njengesicatshulwa ngokubanzi kwinkqubo yonke. Qhubeka ufunda ngokuchofoza ikhonkco elingezantsi ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezilishumi omele ulandele ngenkathi uqhuba uvavanyo lwakho lwezengqondo.
1 - Fumana ingxaki yoPhando okanye umbuzo
Ukuthabatha ingxaki yophando kungomnye wamanyathelo anzima kakhulu. Emva koko, kukho izihloko ezahlukeneyo ongakhetha ukwenza uphando. Utshintshelwe ngcamango? Cinga ezinye zezinto ezilandelayo:
- Phanda inkolelo evame ukukholelwa. I-psychology yengqondo ngumthombo omuhle wempendulo engaphendulwayo engasetyenziswa njengesiseko sophando lweengqondo. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi abantu bakholelwa ukuba ukuhlala ubusuku bonke ukunyamezela ukuhlolwa okukhulu kunokunokwenzakalisa ukusebenza komsebenzi. Unokuqhuba isifundo apho uthelekisa amanqaku ovavanyo lwabafundi abaye bahlala ubusuku bonke befunda, ngokumalunga namaqela abafundi abafumana ubuthongo obupheleleyo phambi kovavanyo.
- Ukuphonononga uphando lwengqondo. Izifundo ezishicilelweyo ziyimvelaphi enkulu yemibuzo yophando engaphendulwanga. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ababhali baya kuqaphela ukuba kufuneka uphando olongezelelweyo. Fumana uphando olushicilelwe olufumana umdla, kwaye uze neminye imibuzo efuna ukuphanda okunye.
- Cinga ngeengxaki zemihla ngemihla. Kukho izicelo ezininzi zokwenza uphando lwezesayikholo. Hlola iingxaki ezahlukahlukeneyo wena okanye abanye abajamelana nazo ngalunye suku, uze ucinge ngendlela onokuphanda ngayo isisombululo. Umzekelo, unokwenza uphando ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokubamba ngekhanda ukuqinisekisa ukuba zeziphi iindlela ezisebenzayo.
2 - Ukusebenza ngokucacileyo Chaza iinguqu zakho
Imimandla yinto enokuchaphazela isiphumo sakho sifundo. Incazelo yokusebenza ichaza ngokuchanekileyo ukuba zeziphi iimpawu kunye nokuba zilinganiswa njani kumxholo wesifundo sakho. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba uqhuba isifundo malunga nefuthe lokulala ekusebenzeni ukuqhuba, kuya kufuneka ukuba uchaze ngokuthe ngqo ukuba uthini ngokubanjelwa ukulala nokuqhuba umqhubi .
Kulo mzekelo ungachaza ukunyanzelwa kokulala njengokufumana iiyure ezingaphantsi kwee-7 zokulala ebusuku kwaye uchaze ukusebenza komqhubi njengendlela umntu athatha inxaxheba ngayo kwi-test test.
Iyintoni injongo yokuchaza izinto eziguqukayo? Injongo ephambili ukulawula. Ngokuqonda oko ukulinganisa kwakho, ungayilawula ngokubamba ukuguquguquka rhoqo phakathi kwamaqela onke okanye ukuwucwangcisa njengenguqu ezizimeleyo .
3 - Ukuphuhlisa i-Hypothesis
Isinyathelo esilandelayo kukuhlakulela ingcamango enokuhlolwayo echaza kwangaphambili indlela ezichaziweyo ezichazwe ngokusebenza ngayo. Ngokomzekelo wethu kwisinyathelo esedlule, i-hypothesis yethu ingaba yinto ethi: "Abafundi abalele ukulala baya kwenza okubi ngakumbi kunabantwana abangabuthongo ukulahlwa kovavanyo lokuqhuba umqhubi."
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iziphumo zophando zibalulekile, kubalulekile ukuba ube neengcinga ezingenanto. I-hypothesis engekho yinto echazwe ukuba enye inotsingiselo ayiyi kubakho inxulumaniso kwenye into eguqukileyo. Ngamanye amazwi, i-hypothesis engekho yinto ecinga ukuba ayiyi kuba nempembelelo kwimiphumo yonyango ezimbini kwiqela lethu lokulinga nokulawula.
I-hypothesis engafanelekanga ithathwa njengeyasebenza ngaphandle kokuba iphikisana neziphumo. Abahloli banokuthi bawunqabe i-hypothesis engenanto ngokukhetha enye i-hypothesis okanye ungayigxothi ingcamango engekho.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbuza ukuba ukungafuni ukungagxothi kwe-hypothesis engenziwanga kuthetha ukuba uyamkela i-hypothesis engekho. Ukutsho ukuba uyamkela i-hypothesis engafanelekanga kukubonisa ukuba into yinyani nje ngokuba awufumananga naluphi na ubungqina malunga nayo. Oku kubonisa ukukholelwa okufanelekileyo okumele kugwenywe ngophando lwezenzululwazi.
4 - Ukuqhuba Umxholo woPhando
Xa usuqulunqe i-hypothesis evivinywayo, kubalulekile ukuchitha ixesha elithile ukwenza uphando olusemva. Yintoni abaphandi abayazi ngayo ngesihloko sakho? Yiyiphi imibuzo engaphendulwayo? Unokufunda ngophando olwangaphambili kwisifundo sakho ngokuhlola iincwadi, amanqaku eendaba, iinkcukacha ze-intanethi, amaphephandaba kunye namawebhusayithi anikezelwe kwisifundo sakho.
Izizathu zokuqhuba uphando lwangemvelaphi:
- Ukufunda uphando oludlulileyo kukunceda ukwazi ukuqonda kangcono into oya kuhlangana ngayo ngexesha lakho lovavanyo.
- Ukuqonda imvelaphi yesihloko sakho kunika isiseko esingcono kwisingcamango sakho. Emva kokuqhuba uhlaziyo olupheleleyo lweencwadi, unokukhetha ukutshintsha i-hypothesis yakho.
- Uphando olusemva lukwavumela ukuba uchaze ukuba kutheni ukhetha ukuphanda i-hypothesis yakho kwaye uchaze isizathu sokuba isihloko sifanele ukuhlola.
Njengoko uphando kwimbali yesihloko sakho, khumbula ukuthabatha amanqaku kwaye uqulunqe ibhokisi leencwadi ezisebenzayo kwimithombo yakho. Olu lwazi luya kuba luncedo xa uqala ukubhala iziphumo zakho zokulinga.
5 - Khetha iComputer Design
Emva kokuqhuba uphando lwangemvelaphi nokugqiba i-hypothesis yakho, isinyathelo sakho esilandelayo kukuphuhlisa umda wokulinga. Kukho iintlobo ezisisiseko zokuyila ongazisebenzisa. Ngamnye unamandla akhe kunye nobuthathaka.
- IziCwangciso zoPhando lweNgaphambili: Olu hlobo loyilo lokulinga alubandakanyi iqela lokulawula. Iqela elinye labathathi-nxaxheba lifundwa, kwaye akukho nto ithelekiswa phakathi kweqela leyeza kunye neqela lolawulo. Imizekelo yeendlela zokupasa kwangaphambili zibandakanya uphando lwamaxesha (elinye iqela linikezelwa unyango kwaye iziphumo zilinganiswa) kunye novavanyo lwephambi kokuvavanywa / emva kokuvavanywa kweposi (elinye iqela livavanywa, linikezelwa unyango kwaye liphindwa kwakhona).
- I-Quasi-Testing Designs: Olu hlobo loyilo lwezilingo lubandakanya iqela lokulawula, kodwa uyilo alubandakanyi i-randomization.
- Iimpawu zoQeqesho zoBwenyaniso: Uyilo loyilo lokwenene luquka iinkalo zombini izinto ezisetyenziswe ngaphambili kunye nokuqulunqwa kwe-quasi-experimental ezingekho kumacandelo abo okulawula kunye nesabelo esinqunyiwe kumaqela.
6 - Ukumisa iinkqubo zakho
Ukuze ufikelele kwizigqibo ezifanelekileyo, kubalulekile ukuthelekisa iiapulo kwiipulo. Umntu ngamnye kwiqela ngalinye kufuneka athathe unyango olufanayo phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Ngokomzekelo, kwisifundo sethu esicacileyo ngemiphumo yokulahlwa kokulala ekuqhubeni ukuqhuba, ukuhlolwa kokuqhuba kufuneka kuhanjiswe kumntu ngamnye othatha inxaxheba ngendlela efanayo. Ikhosi yokuqhuba kufuneka ibe yinto efanayo, imingcipheko ejongene nayo kufuneka ibe yinto efanayo, kwaye ixesha elinikeziweyo kufuneka libe lifanayo.
7 - Khetha abachaphazelekayo
Ukongezelela ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iimeko zokuvavanya zihambelanisiwe, kubalulekile ukuba uqinisekise ukuba iqela lakho labathathi-nxaxheba lifanayo. Ukuba abantu abakwiqela lakho lokulawula (abo bangabuthongo balahlwe) konke kwenzeka ukuba ngabaqhubi beemoto zokuqhubela phambili imoto ngelixa iqela lakho lokuhlola (abo balalayo balahlwe) ngabantu bonke abasandula ukufumana iilayisenisi zabo zokuqhuba, uvavanyo lwakho luya kulahlwa .
Xa ukhetha izifundo, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ongayisebenzisa. Isampula esilula esicwangcisiweyo sichaphazela ngokukhetha inamba yabathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela. Isampuli esisalathisiweyo esicwangcisiweyo sidinga ngokukhethekileyo abachaphazelekayo abavela kumacandelwana ahlukeneyo kubemi. Ezi ngqamaniso zingabandakanya iimpawu ezinjengeendawo zendawo, iminyaka, ubulili, ubuhlanga, okanye imeko yezoqoqosho.
8 - Ukuqhuba iimvavanyo nokuqokelela ulwazi
Emva kokukhetha abathathi-nxaxheba, amanyathelo alandelayo kufuneka aqhube iimvavanyo zakho kwaye aqokelele idatha. Ngaphambi kokwenza uvavanyo, nangona kunjalo, kukho izinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekileyo ezifunekayo ukujongana nazo. Okokuqala, kufuneka uqiniseke ukuba iinkqubo zakho zokuvavanya ziyinkqubo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuya kufuneka ufumane imvume yokuqhuba nayiphi na uhlobo lovavanyo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba ngokuthumela iinkcukacha zokuzama kwakho kwiBhodi yokuHlola yeziKhungo , ngezinye izihlandlo ezibizwa ngokuba yiKomiti yeeNkcazo zabantu.
Emva kokuba ufumene imvume kwi-IRB yakho yeziko lezemfundo, kuya kufuneka ufumane ifomu yokuvuma enolwazi kumathathi wakho ngamnye. Eli fomu linikela ngolwazi kwisifundo, idatha eya kuhlanganiswa kunye nendlela izakusetyenziswa ngayo. Le fom inika abachaphazelekayo ithuba lokurhoxisa kwisifundo nanini na ixesha.
Emva kokuba le nyathelo igqityiwe, ungaqala ukulawula iinkqubo zakho zokuvavanya nokuqokelela idatha.
9 - Hlaziya iziphumo
Emva kokuqokelela idatha yakho, lixesha lokuhlaziya iziphumo zovavanyo lwakho. Abaphandi basebenzisa izibalo ukwenzela ukuba iziphumo zezifundo zixhasa i-hypothesis yasekuqaleni kwaye zichonga ukuba ngaba iziphumo zibalulekileyo. Ukubaluleka kwesitatisti kuthetha ukuba iziphumo zolu cwaningo akunakwenzeka ukuba zenzeke ngokukhawuleza.
Iindidi zezindlela zokubaluleka ozisebenzisayo ukuhlalutya idatha yakho zixhomekeka ngokubanzi malunga nolwazi oluqokelelweyo. Ukuba usebenzisa isampula esingalindelekanga sabantu abaninzi, kuya kufuneka usebenzise amanani angaphantsi. Ezi ndlela zenkcazo zenza iingqinisiso malunga nokuba iziphumo zihambelana njani nabemi ngokubanzi. Ngenxa yokuba wenza inkcazo esekelwe kwisampuli, kufuneka kucatshangelwe ukuba kuya kuba nomda othile wephutha.
10 - Bhala kwaye Wabelane ngeziphumo zakho
Umsebenzi wakho wokugqibela ekuqhubeni isilingo sengqondo kukunxibelelana neziphumo zakho. Ngokuxelela ukwabelana kwakho kunye noluntu lwesayensi, unika isandla kwisiseko solwazi kwisihloko esithile. Enye yezona ndlela eziqhelekileyo zokuba nesabelo sophando kukupapasha isifundo kwiphephancwadi elongeziweyo elihlolwa ngontanga. Ezinye iindlela ziquka iziphumo zokwabelana kwiinkomfa, kwizahluko zeencwadi, okanye kwimiboniso yezemfundo.
Kwimeko yakho, mhlawumbi umyalelo wakho weklasi uya kulindela ukubhala ngokusemthethweni kokuzama kwakho kwifomathi efanayo efunekayo kwinqaku leendaba okanye kwilebhu :
- Ikhasi Lesihloko
- Abstract
- Intshayelelo
- Indlela
- Iziphumo
- Ingxoxo
- Iingxelo
- Iifayile kunye namanani
ILizwi
Ukuyila nokuqhuba ingqondo yengqondo kunokusongela, kodwa ukuphula inkqubo phantsi kweyinyathelo kunokunceda. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba luhlobo luni lokuzama ukwenza isigqibo, qho qiniseka ukuba uhlolisise umqeqeshi wakho kunye nebhodi lokuphononongwa kweziko lakho imvume ngaphambi kokuba uqale.
> Imithombo:
> Martin, DW. Iingcali zengqondo. Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth; 2007.
> Nestor, PG, Schutt, RK. Iindlela zokuPhando kwiSyychology. Boston: SAGE; 2015.