Yiyiphi ingxaki yengqondo? Ingxaki yesifo sengqondo ifunyanwe njani? Ukuchaza ngokucacileyo oko kukuthi ingxaki yengqondo ingaba yinto ekhohlisayo kwaye, inkcazo zatshintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ingxaki yokuqala kukuba izazi zeengqondo kufuneka ziqale zigqibe ngokucacileyo indlela yokuchaza intsingiselo. Unokwazi njani ukuba kukho into engafanelekanga kwengqondo okanye engafanelekanga ngomntu? Unquma njani ukuba uyinto evamile kwaye yintoni engavamile?
Ukuba ubungachaza ukuphazamiseka njengento elele ngaphandle kwemilinganiselo yesiqhelo, ke abantu ababhekwa njengetalente okanye abanesiphiwo kwindawo ethile baya kuthathwa njengengavamile. Ngoko kunokuba ugxile kwizenzo ezicatshangelwa ngaphandle kwendlela eqhelekileyo yokuthetha, izazi zeengqondo zivame ukugxila kwimiphumo yalezo ziphatha. Iingxaki ezithathwa njenge-maladaptive kwaye zibangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu kunye nokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwansuku zonke kunokwenzeka ukuba zibhalwe ngokungavamile.
Namhlanje abaninzi beengqondo bevuma ukuba iziphazamiso zengqondo zibonakaliswe ziintlungu kunye nokukhubazeka kwiindawo ezininzi zobomi.
Funda kabanzi malunga nendlela abagqirha bachaza ngayo kwaye bahlule ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo baze bafumanise ukuba bangaphi abantu abachaphazelekayo ngenxa yokukhathazeka okunjalo ngonyaka.
Yintoni Ingxaki Yengqondo?
Ingxaki yengqondo, eyaziwa njengengxaki yengqondo, yindlela yokuziphatha okanye yeengqondo ezichaphazela imimandla ephilileyo kunye nokudala uxinzelelo kumntu ofumana ezi mpawu.
Inkomfa yakutsha ye-American Psychiatric's diagnostic manual, i-DSM-5, ichaza ingxaki yengqondo njengoko:
"... i-syndrome ebonakalayo ngokuphazamiseka kliniki kumgaqo womntu ngamnye, umgaqo-mpawu, okanye ukuziphatha okubonisa ukungasebenzi kwintsebenziswano yengqondo, ye-biological okanye yophuhliso. , umsebenzi, okanye ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo. "
I-DSM-5 iphinda ibhale ukuba iimpendulo ezilindelekileyo kwisicindezelo esifanayo ezifana nokufa komntu othandekayo aziqwalaselwe njengengxaki yengqondo. Incwadana yokuxilonga ibonisa ukuba iziphatho ezivame ukuxutyushwa ngokuchasene nemimiselo yoluntu aziqwalaselwe ingxaki ngaphandle kokuba ezi zenzo ziyimiphumo ethile yokungasebenzi.
Iingxaki zeengqondo zithathwa njani?
Ukwahlula kunye nokuxilongwa kubaluleke kakhulu kubanikezeli bezempilo kunye nabaxhasi bempilo yengqondo. Nangona kungekho nanye, inkcazo ecacileyo yokukhathazeka kwengqondo, iimeko ezihlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokuxilonga ziye zavela. Oogqirha basebenzisa iSicatshulwa seNgcaciso kunye neSatistim of Disabilities of the Mind , eshicilelwe nguMbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika, ukuchonga ukuba impawu zeempawu okanye iimpawu zihlangabezana neendlela zokuxilongwa njengesifo sengqondo. Ulwahlulo lwaMazwe ngamazwe lwezifo, olupapashwe yi-World Health Organisation, lisetyenziswa rhoqo.
Injongo yokufumana i-Diagnosis
Nangona abanye abantu banokuphepha ukufuna ukuxilongwa ngenxa yokwesaba intlalontle, ukufumana ukuxilongwa yiyona nto ibalulekileyo yokufumana isicwangciso sonyango. Ukuxilongwa kungekhona ngokusebenzisa iilebula kwingxaki; ku malunga nokufumanisa izisombululo, unyango kunye nolwazi olunxulumene nengxaki.
Iingxaki zeengqondo zengqondo
Uphando olutshanje luye lwabonisa ukuba izifo zengqondo zixhaphake kakhulu kunokuba zikholelwa ngaphambili. Ngokutsho kweZiko leSizwe leMpilo yengqondo (i-NIMH), malunga nama-26 ekhulwini abantu abadala base-Amerika abangaphezu kweminyaka eyi-18 banesifo esithile sokugula ngengqondo kunyaka owenziwe.
Uvavanyo lwe-National Comorbidity Survey (i-NCS) ka-1994 lubonise ukuba iipesenti ezingama-30 zabaphenduli bezibonele iimpawu zentsingiselo enye yengqondo yengqondo kunyaka odlulileyo. Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba malunga nesiqingatha sabo bonke abantu abadala bafumana uhlobo oluthile lwesifo sengqondo ngexesha elithile ebomini babo.
ISiko leSizwe seMpilo yengqondo (i-NIMH) liqikelela ukuba ngo-2014 bekukho abantu abayi-9,8 yezigidi abantu base-US abanesifo esibi sengqondo. I-NIMH ichaza ukugula kwengqondo engathandeki njengengqondo, ukuziphatha okanye ukugula kwengqondo ekuxilongeni kunyaka odlulileyo ohlangabezana neendlela zokuxilonga ezichazwe yi-DSM-IV. Ezi ngxaki ziyakukhokelela ekungabikho komonakalo omkhulu ekusebenziseni umda okanye ukuphazamisa into eyodwa okanye emininzi yempilo.
Uvavanyo olwenziwa ngo-2005 lwaluchaza i-National Comorbidity Survey kwaye lwafumanisa ukuba amazinga angama-12 e-adventary rates aphakathi kwama-26 ekhulwini kubantu abadala base-US. Iziphazamiso ezixhalabisayo zimelelekile ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo eziqhelekileyo (iipesenti eziyi-18.1), kunye neengxaki zeemvakalelo (iipesenti ze-9,5), ukulawulwa kwempembelelo (8.9 ekhulwini) kunye neengxaki ezichaphazelekayo (3.8 ekhulwini) ezilandelayo.
Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuphazamiseka kwengqondo
I-DSM ichaza malunga neengxaki ezili-150 ezihlukeneyo zengqondo, kunye neengxaki eziwela phantsi kwecandelo leengxaki ezifanayo okanye ezichaphazelekayo. Ezinye zeentlobo eziphambili zokuxilonga zibandakanya ukuphazamiseka kokutya, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwelo, ukuphazamiseka kwe- somatoform, ukuphazamiseka kokulala, ukuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka kunye nokuphazamiseka komntu .
> Imithombo:
Kessler, RC, McGonagle, KA, Zhoa, S., Nelson, CB, Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., nabanye. (1994). Ubomi obude kunye neenyanga ezili-12 ze-DSM-III-R izifo zengqondo e-United States: Iziphumo ezivela kwi-National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) . IiNqoloba zoLwazi lweZengqondo, 51, 8-19.
Kessler, RC, Chiu, WT, Demler, O., Merikangas, KR, & Walters, EE (2005). Ubuninzi, ubunzima, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kweengxaki ze-DSM-IV zenyanga ezili-12 kwi-National Comorbidity Survey Replication. IiNcwadi zoLondolozo lweeNzululwazi, 62 (2), 617-627.
ISiko leSizwe seMpilo yengqondo. (2008). Inani lamanani: Izifo zengqondo eMelika.
ISiko leSizwe seMpilo yengqondo. (2014). Ukugula ngengqondo (SMI) phakathi kwabantu abadala base-US.