Indlela abachonga ngayo kwaye yiyiphi ibakala elingaphantsi kwe-70 elithethayo
Nangona sivame ukuva izinto ezininzi malunga nezikolo eziphezulu eziphezulu kunye neengqiqo ze-quotient (IQ) , abaninzi abantu abaqinisekanga ukuba zezi zithini.
Inkcazo yeBakala eliPhantsi le-IQ
Inani le-IQ le- 70 okanye ngaphantsi libhekwa njengamanqaku aphantsi. Khumbula, kwiimvavanyo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zengqondo , umlinganiselo omyinge usetyenziswa kwi-100. Nayiphi na into engaphezu kwama-140 ithathwa njengophakamileyo okanye inqanaba le-genius .
Amashumi amabini anesibhozo ekhulwini kuwo onke amanqaku angena ngaphakathi okanye angaphantsi kwamanqaku angama-15 (ithetha phakathi kwe-85 no-115).
Ngoko kuthetha ukuthini ukufumana amanqaku angama-70 okanye ngaphantsi? Kwixesha elidlulileyo, amanqaku angama-IQ angaphantsi kwe-70 ayebhekwa njengendlela yokubambezeleka kwengqondo, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo ebonakalayo ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
Namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, iinqununu ze-IQ zodwa azizisebenzisi ukuxilonga ukukhubazeka kwengqondo. Esikhundleni salo, imilinganiselo yokuxilongwa iquka i-IQ yama-70 okanye ngaphantsi, ubungqina bokuba ukunciphisa ingqiqo kuyenzeka ngaphambi kokuba uneminyaka eyi-18, ukukhawuleza okunzulu kwimimandla enjengokufunda nokuqiqa, kunye nokunciphisa okunzulu kwimimandla efana nokunxibelelana kunye nokuzinceda izakhono. Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo yindlela eqhelekileyo yokukhathazeka kwentuthuko kwaye ithintela malunga nama-0.05 ekhulwini ukuya kwi-1,55 pesenti yabo bonke abantu.
Ukwahlula izikolo ze-IQ eziphantsi
Umlinganiselo wamanqanaba kwiimvavanyo ezininzi ze-IQ zingu-100, kwaye malunga nama-68 ekhulwini kubo bonke abantu bahlawula kwindawo ethile phakathi kwe-85 no-115.
Kwabo bawela ngaphantsi kwe-85, amanqaku ahlala ehlelwa ngendlela elandelayo:
- 1 ukuya kwi-24-Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo
- 25 ukuya ku-39-Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo
- 40 ukuya ku-54-Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo ngokulinganayo
- 55 ukuya kwi-69-Ukukhubazeka kancinci kwengqondo
- 70 ukuya ku-79-Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo komda
- 80 ukuya kwe-89-ephantsi
Imbali ye-Low IQ
Intelligence quotient yinqanaba elithatyathwe kwisifundo esilinganiselwe esenzelwe ukulinganisa i-intelligence.
Imivavanyo ye-IQ yavela ngokusemthethweni ekuqaleni kwe-1900 kunye nokuqaliswa kokuvavanywa kweBinet-Simon, eyaza yahlaziywa kwakhona yaza yaziwa ngokuba yiStanford-Binet. UBinet wavelisa uvavanyo lwakhe lokuqala ukuze ancede urhulumente waseFransi ukuba achaze abafundi abanokukhubazeka kwengqondo abafuna uncedo olongezelelweyo esikolweni.
Iimvavanyo ze-IQ ziye zabonakalisa zithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwengqondo kunye noluntu jikelele, kodwa kusekho ukuphikisana okukhulu malunga nokuba yiziphi iimvavanyo ze-IQ ezilinganayo kunye nokuba zichanekile kangakanani.
Imilinganiselo emdala ye-IQ ephantsi ihlose ukugxila kuphela kwiikhono lokuqonda, kodwa iindlela ezininzi zamanje zixininisa indlela umntu asebenza ngayo ngengqondo nakwiindawo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Abantu ngabangama-IQ angaphantsi kwe-70 banokufumanisa ukuba bayakhubazeka ngokwengqondo xa befumana ukungaphumeleli kwimimandla emibini okanye ngaphezulu echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Imizekelo yeendlela ezinjalo zokuziphatha ziquka ukukwazi ukuzinyamekela kunye nokukwazi ukuthetha kunye nokusebenzisana nabanye abantu.
Igama elithi "ukuphulukiswa kwengqondo" kwasetyenziswe ngaphambili ukuchaza abantu abafumene i-IQ ephantsi, kodwa eli gama libhekwa njengento yokuhlambalaza kwaye ichithwe ngokukodwa ngokuthi igama elithi "ingxaki yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo" okanye "ukukhubazeka kwengqondo." Ixesha elidlulileyo lisetyenziswa kwezinye iisetingi, kubandakanywa nezinye iikhowudi zokuxilonga kunye neenjongo zomshuwalense.
Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokukhubazeka ngengqiqo
Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokukhubazeka kwengqondo zibandakanya:
- Izimo ze-Genetic ezifana ne-Down syndrome
- Iingxaki ngexesha lokukhulelwa ezichaphazela uphuhliso lweengqondo ezifana nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokusetyenziswa kotywala
- Iingxaki zengqesho kunye neenkonzo, ezifana nokungena oksijini okwaneleyo ekuzalweni
- Ukulimala njengentlungu yesifo kunye nezifo ezinjenge-meningitis kunye neengxaki zokuthungatha
> Imithombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association (APA). Yintoni ukukhubazeka ngengqiqo? Ukuhlaziywa kukaJulayi 2017.
> I-American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Ukukhubazeka ngengqondo. 2017.
> McKenzie K, uMilton M, Smith G, u-Ouellette-Kuntz H. Ukuhlaziywa koHlolo koPhulo oluKhulu kunye neNzekalelo yokuKhubazeka koBuchule: Iimpawu ezikhoyo kunye neengxaki. Iingxelo zeengxaki eziPhuhlisayo . Juni 2016; 3 (2): 104-115. i-doi: 10.1007 / s40474-016-0085-7.