Inkcazo yeViktor Frankl's Logotherapy

UViktor Frankl nguye umseli we-logotherapy, uhlobo lwe-psychotherapy eyayiphucula emva kokusinda kwiinkampu zoxinzelelo zamaNazi kuma-1940. Emva kokuva kwakhe kwiinkampu, wavelisa ingcamango yokuba kukhangela intsingiselo nenjongo ebomini ukuba abantu banokunyamezela ubunzima nokuhlupheka.

Imbali emfutshane kaViktor Frankl

UViktor Frankl wazalelwa ngo-Matshi 26, 1905 waza wafa ngoSeptemba 2, 1997, eVienna, e-Austria.

Wathonywa ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe kwasekuqaleni nguSigmund Freud no-Alfred Adler, bafumana i-degree yezobugqirha kwiYunivesithi yaseVienna Medical School ngo-1930. Ukususela ngo-1940 ukuya ku-1942, wayengumlawuli weSebe leNzululwazi ye-Rothschild Hospital, ukususela ngo-1946 ukuya Ngowe-1970 wayengumlawuli we-Vienna Polyclinic ye-Neurology.

Ngomnyaka we-1942, uFrank wathunyelwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso yamaNazi kunye nomfazi, abazali kunye namanye amalungu entsapho. Wachitha ixesha kwiinkampu ezine, kubandakanya iAuschwitz, ukususela ngo-1942 ukuya ku-1945, kwaye yedwa ilungu lentsapho yakhe yokuphila. Ngomnyaka we-1945, wabuyela eVienna waza wapapasha incwadi kwiingcamango zakhe, ngokusekelwe kwiirekhodi zakhe zokujonga ngexesha lakhe kwiinkampu. Ngethuba lokufa kwakhe, incwadi yakhe ethi "Ukufuna Kwamntu Injongo" yayishicilelwe ngeelwimi ezingama-24.

Ngethuba lomsebenzi wakhe njengoprofesa we-neurological and psychiatry, uFrank wabhala iincwadi ezingama-30, ezifundwe kwiiyunivesithi ezingama-209 kumazwekazi angama-5, kwaye wayefumana abagqirha abangama-29 abazukileyo kwiiyunivesithi ezijikeleze ihlabathi.

Wayengumprofesa wokutyelela eHarvard naseStanford, kwaye unyango lwakhe, ogama lingu "logotherapy," lwaqatshelwa njengesikolo sesithathu se-Viennese unyango emva kwe- Freud's psychoanalysis kunye no- Alfred Adler . Ukongeza, i-logotherapy yabonwa njengenye yezikolo zenzululwazi zengqondo ye-Psychilogical Society, i-American Psychiatric Association kunye ne-American Psychological Association.

Ukuqonda i-Logotherapy

UFrank ukholelwa ukuba abantu bayakhuthazwa ngento ethi "intando yokuthetha," ehambelana nomnqweno wokufumana intsingiselo yobomi. Wayexela ukuba ubomi bunokuba nengqiqo nakwiimeko ezidabukisayo kakhulu, kwaye ukuba izizathu zokuphila zivela ekufumaneni loo ntsi ngiselo. Ethatha inyathelo engaphezulu, uFrank wabhala:

Yonke into ingathathwa kwindoda kodwa enye into: yokugqibela kwenkululeko yabantu-ukukhetha isimo sengqondo kwisiphi na iimeko zeemeko .

Le ngcamango isekelwe kumava akhe okubandezeleka, kunye nesimo sakhe sengqondo sokufumana intsingiselo ngokubandezeleka. Ngale ndlela, uFrank wayekholelwa ukuba xa singenako ukutshintsha imeko, siyanyanzelekile ukuba sitshintshe.

Izinto ezisisiseko zeLogotherapy

"I-Logos" igama lesiGrike elisentsingiselo, kwaye i-logotherapy ibandakanya ukunceda isigulane sifumane intsingiselo ebomini. UFrank unikezele ngokufutshane umxholo othi "Ukufuna Umntu Okunenjongo."

Iimpahla ezingundoqo

UFrank wayekholelwa kwiipropati ezintathu eziphambili apho i-theory yakhe kunye neyeza zisekelwe khona:

1. Umntu ngamnye unempilo engundoqo.
2. Injongo ephambili yeyona nto kukukhanyisa abanye kwizinto zabo zangaphakathi kunye nokubonelela izixhobo zokusebenzisa ingundoqo yabo yangaphakathi.
3. Ubomi bunika injongo kunye nenjongo kodwa ayithembisi ukuzaliseka okanye uvuyo.

Izindlela zokufumana intsingiselo

Ukuhamba phambili, i-logotherapy iphakamisa ukuba intsingiselo yobomi ingafumaneka kwiindlela ezintathu ezicacileyo:

1. Ngokudala umsebenzi okanye ukwenza isenzo.
2. Ngokufumana into okanye ukuhlangabezana nomntu.
3. Ngengqondo esithathayo kwiintlungu ezingenakukuphepha.

Umzekelo oqhelekileyo unikezelwa ukuchaza iinkalo ezisisiseko zelogotherapy ibali leentlanganiso zikaFrank kunye nodokotela okhulileyo oselukhulile owayenzima ukunqoba uxinzelelo emva kokulahlekelwa ngumfazi wakhe. UFrankl wancedisa indoda ekhulile ukuba ibone ukuba injongo yakhe yayiye ukunyamekela umfazi intlungu yokulahlekelwa nguye kuqala.

Iingcamango ezisisiseko

I-Logotherapy ineengqiqo ezintandathu ezisisiseko ezibandakanya izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo nezindlela zokufuna intsingiselo ebhalwe ngasentla:

1. I-Body, Mind and Spirit

Umntu ngumntu onomzimba ( soma ), ingqondo ( psyche ), kunye nomoya ( noos ). UFrank waphikisana ukuba sinomzimba nengqondo, kodwa umoya siyilo, okanye sisisiseko sethu. Qaphela ukuba inkolelo kaFrank yayingekelwe kwiskolo okanye kwi-theology, kodwa yayivame ukufana nale.

2. Ubomi bunentsingiselo kuzo zonke iimeko

UFrank wayekholelwa ukuba ubomi bunentsingiselo kuzo zonke iimeko, kwanezona zibuhlungu kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona iimeko zibonakala zingenangqiqo, kunomgangatho ophezulu we-oda ochaphazela intsingiselo.

Abantu Abantu Bafuna Ukuthanda

I-Logotherapy iphakamisa ukuba abantu banenjongo yokwenza intsingiselo, oko kuthetha ukuba intsingiselo yethu iyona nto isisiseko sokuphila nokusebenza, kwaye isenza sikwazi ukunyamezela intlungu nokuhlupheka. Oku kubonwa njengento eyahlukileyo ekuthandeni amandla kunye nokuzonwabisa.

4. Inkululeko Yokufumana Injongo

UFrank ugxeka ukuba kuzo zonke iimeko, abantu banenkululeko yokufikelela kuyo eya kufumana intsingiselo. Oku kusekelwe kumava akhe kunye nentlungu kunye nokukhetha isimo sakhe sengqondo kwimeko engenakuyitshintsha.

5. Iintsingiselo zoMama

Isicatshulwa sesihlanu sichaza ukuba ngenxa yezigqibo ezinokuba nengqiqo, abantu ngabanye kufuneka baphendule kwiimfuno zobomi bemihla ngemihla ehambelana nemilinganiselo yoluntu okanye isazela sabo.

6. Abantu ngabanye

UFrank wayekholelwa ukuba wonke umntu uhlukile kwaye akanakulungiswa.

Logotherapy kwi Practice

UFrank wayekholelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuguqula iintlungu ukuphumelela nokufezekiswa. Wayejonga ityala njengethuba lokutshintsha ngokwabo, kunye nokuguquka kwempilo njengethuba lokuthatha isenzo.

Ngale ndlela, le ngxaki yengqondo yayijoliswe ekuncedeni abantu ukuba basebenzise kakuhle "izixhobo" zabo zokomoya zokumelana nobunzima. Kwiincwadi zakhe, wayehlala esetyenziselwa amava akhe ukuba achaze iingcamango kumfundi.

Amasu amathathu asetyenziswe kwi-logotherapy kuquka ukuchithwa, injongo yokuxhaswa, kunye nencoko ye-Socrate.

1. Ukutshatyalaliswa: Utywala lujoliswe ekuncedeni umntu ugxininise kude nabo nakwabanye abantu, ukuze bakwazi ukuphelela kwaye bachithe ixesha elincinci ukuba bazixhamle malunga neengxaki okanye indlela yokufikelela kwiinjongo.
2. Injongo yokuzixhalabisa: Injongo ye-paradoxical isicwangciso esinesigqirha esinesifiso sokwenza into eyoyikisayo. Oku kwakucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe kwimeko yokuxhalaba okanye i-phobias, apho ukuhleka nokuhleka usenokusetyenziswa xa ukwesaba kukuphazamisa. Ngokomzekelo, umntu onoyiko lokujonga ubuwula angakhuthazwa ukuba azame ukubukeka engacwengekanga ngenjongo. Ngokudakisayo, uloyiko luya kususwa xa injongo ibandakanyeka into eyesatshwa kakhulu.
3. Incoko ye-Socrate: Incoko yoSokholo iya kusetyenziswa kwi-logotherapy njengesixhobo sokunceda isigulane ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuzifumanisa ngokwamagama akhe. Ngaloo ndlela, ogqirha uya kubonisa iipatheni zamagama aze ancede umxhasi ukuba abone intsingiselo kubo. Le nkqubo ikholelwa ukuba inceda umxhasi ukuba aqonde impendulo elindele ukufunyanwa.

Kulula ukubona indlela ezinye zeendlela zokwenza i-logotherapy zihamba ngeendlela ezintsha zonyango ezinjenge- ctnitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) okanye ukwamkelwa kunye nokuzinikela kokunyanga (ACT) . Ngale ndlela, i-logotherapy ingaba yinkqubo ehambelana nale ndlela yokuziphatha kunye nonyango olusekelwe kwingcinga.

Iingcamango zeLogotherapy

UFrank wayengenabo ngaphandle kwabagxekayo. Abanye bacinga ukuba wasebenzisa ixesha lakhe kwiinkampu zamaNazi njengendlela yokukhuthaza uphawu lwakhe lwe-psychotherapy, kwaye abanye banomuvo wokuxhasa kwakhe kuphela kwiinkonzo zonqulo e-United States (ngokwenene, wathatha abaphathiswa kunye neengcali zengqondo zengqondo ukuba basebenze naye).

Ngowe-1961, iingcamango zakhe zachaswa yingcali yeengqondo uRollo May, owaziwa ngokuba ngumsunguli wentshukumo ye-existential e-United States, owathi i-logotherapy yayilingana nokugunyaza, kunye neengcali zifuna izicombululo kwisigulane. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakucatshulwa ukuba umgulisa wanciphisa uxanduva lomguli ekufumaneni isisombululo kwiingxaki. Akwacaci, nangona kunjalo, ingaba le nto yayiyinkalo ebalulekileyo ye-logotherapy, okanye ukungaphumeleli kukaFrank njengengcali yonyango ngokwakhe, njengoko kuthiwa uyazikhukhumeza ngendlela yakhe yokuthetha nezigulane.

Ngaloo ndlela, mhlawumbi ukuba i-logotherapy igxininisa ukuba kukho izixazululo ezicacileyo kwiingxaki kunye nokuba umgqirha unomsebenzi wokufumana ezi zinto kumthengi. Nangona kunjalo, uFrank wathi i-logotherapy ifundisa isigulane ukuba ithwale uxanduva. Kungakhathaliseki, kucacile ukuba ekusebenziseni iingcamango zikaFrankl kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba isiguli kufuneka sibe nxaxheba kunokuba umemkeli kwinkqubo.

Ubungqina be-Logotherapy

Kuye kwapapashwa amaphepha angama-1700 amaphepha kunye neengxelo kwi-logotherapy, nangaphezulu kwezixhobo zokulinganisela ezingaphezu kwe-59 eziveliswe ngesihloko. Nangona umsebenzi waseFrank wangaphambili wawubandakanya uphando lweziganeko, ekugqibeleni kwaguquka ukuquka ukusetyenziswa kweengqiqo kunye nokuqikelelwa kwempembelelo. Ngamanye amazwi, uFrank wayekholelwa ekuphandeni okucetywayo kwaye wakhuthaza.

Ukuphononongwa ngokuchanekileyo kovavanyo lophando olumalunga nelogotherapy olwenziwe ngo-2016 lufumene izihambelane okanye iziphumo eziphathelene ne-logotherapy kule mimandla elandelayo okanye kule miqathango ilandelayo:

• Ulungelelaniso phakathi kokubonakala kwentsingiselo ebomini, ukufuna intsingiselo ebomini, kunye nokwaneliseka ubomi, ulonwabo
• Injongo ebalulekileyo ebomini phakathi kwezigulane ezineengxaki zengqondo
• Khangela intsingiselo kunye nokuba khona kwentsingiselo njengento yokuzinza
• Ulungelelaniso phakathi kwentsingiselo yobomi kunye neengcinga zokuzibulala kwizigulane zomhlaza
• Ukusebenza kweprogram ye-logotherapy yabantwana abaselula kunye nomhlaza
• Ukusebenza kwe-logotherapy ekudakaleni kwabantwana
• Ukusebenza kwe-logotherapy ekunciphiseni ukutshatyalaliswa komsebenzi , isifo seenyenyana esingenanto
• Ulungelelaniso kunye nolwaneliseko lomtshato

Ngokubanzi, akumangalisi ukuba kukho ubungqina bokuba intsingiselo yobomi ihambelana nempilo yengqondo engcono. Kucetyiswa ukuba olu lwazi lusetyenziswe kwiindawo ezinjenge-phobias, intlungu kunye netyala, intlungu, kunye neengxaki ezinjenge-schizophrenia, ukuxinezeleka, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, ukuxinezeleka kwangaphambili, kunye nokuxhalabisa . UFrank wayekholelwa ukuba izifo ezininzi okanye iingxaki zempilo yengqondo zifihliweyo zikhona, kwaye abantu bajamelana nokungabi nentsingiselo, awayebhekisele kuyo ngokuthi "i-vacant".

Logotherapy kwi-Daily Life Life

Ungayisebenzisa njani imigaqo yelogotherapy ukuphucula ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla?

• Yenza into. Njengoko uFrank wacebisa, ukudala into ethile (umz., Ubugcisa) kukunika ingqiqo yenjongo, enokubangela intsingiselo ebomini bakho.
• Ukuphuhlisa ubudlelwane. Ubume bokuxhaswa kwexesha kunye nabanye kuya kukunceda ukuba uhlakulele okungakumbi intsingiselo ebomini bakho.
• Fumana injongo ngentlungu. Ukuba uhamba into embi, zama ukufumana injongo kuyo. Nangona oku kulukhuni kwengqondo, kuya kunceda ukukubona. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ilungu lentsapho lifumana unyango lwezonyango, jonga injongo yakho njengokuba ukhona ukuxhasa lowo mntu.
• Qonda ukuba ubomi abuhle. Akukho mntu ugcina amanqaku, kwaye awuyi kuhlawulwa ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ubomi bunokuthi buhlale bunentsingiselo, kwimeko efanelekileyo kunazo zonke.
• Inkululeko yokufumana intsingiselo. Khumbula ukuba uhlala ukhululekile ukwenza intsingiselo ebomini bakho. Akukho mntu unokuthatha loo nto.
• Gxila kwabanye. Zama ukugxila ngaphandle kwakho ukuze uhlale unyanzelekile malunga nemeko.
• Yamkela into embi. Xa uphuma ukufuna okubi, kunciphisa amandla onayo phezu kwakho.

ILizwi

Nangona iingcamango ze logotherapy ziyaqhubeka zifundiswa kuze kube yimini, awukwazi ukuva ngabantu abafumana olu hlobo lonyango ngokuthe ngqo. Kunoko, iinqununu ze-logotherapy zinokuthi zihlangane nezinye iindlela zokwelapha okanye unyango.

> Imithombo:

> Frankl, VE. Ukukhangela komntu ukuthetha . I-Boston: I-Beacon Press, ngo-1959.

> Frankl VE. Intando yokuthetha: iziseko kunye nezicelo ze-Logotherapy. ENew York, NY: i-Penguin, ngo-1988

> Psychology Namhlanje. Icala lokulwa noViktor Frankl

> I-Thir M, iBatthyany A. I-State of Research Empirical kwi-Logotherapy kunye noHlolo oluPhezulu. Ku: I-Logotherapy kunye noHlolo oluCwangcisiweyo: Iinkqubo zeViktor Frankl Institute Vienna, uMqulu 1. 2016: iphe.53-74.

> Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy. Logotherapy.