Ngokutsho kwengcali yeengqondo uMary Ainsworth , isinamathiselo "sinokuchazwa njengomqhina othandana nomntu omnye okanye isilwanyana phakathi kwakhe kunye nomnye othile-ityayi ebopha ndawonye kwindawo kwaye ikhuthaze ixesha."
Isiqhotyoshelwano asikho nje uxhulumaniso phakathi kwabantu ababini; kukubambisana okubandakanya umnqweno wokuqhagamshelana rhoqo naloo mntu kunye namava okuxinzezeleka ngexesha lohlula kulowo mntu.
Oku kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ebuntwaneni njengoko kubangela ukuba abantwana kunye nabanononophelo bafune ukusondela. Ngokuhlala kufuphi nabanakekeli, abantwana bayakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba banakekelwa kwaye bakhuselekile.
Masiqwalasele ngokuthe ngqo ezinye zezizathu zokuba kutheni kunye neendlela ezinamathiselweyo kunye nefuthe abanalo kulo lonke ubomi.
Kutheni sifaka iiNcedisi?
I-Psychologist uJohn Bowlby ngokuqhelekileyo kucatshangelwa ukuba nguyise wobuncwane be- attachment . Wachaza isiqhotyoshelweyo njengento "yokuxhalabisa kwengqondo phakathi kwabantu." Ubuntwaneni, wacetyiswa, wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni kweziqhotyoshelweyo kunye namava okuqala anokuba nefuthe kulwalamano lwabantu abenza emva koko ebomini. Iziqhotyoshelweyo zithatha ukuhlala zihlala, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ingahlala ixesha elide kakhulu.
Iziqhotyoshelwano zokuqala esizenzayo zikunye nabazali kunye nabanye abanonophelo, mhlawumbi isizathu sokuba uBotlby akholelwe ukuba isinamathiselo sinomlinganiselo onamandla.
Ezi ziqhotyoshelwano zakuqala kunye nabanonophelo zigcina ukugcina umntwana ukhuselekileyo kwaye ukhuselekile, ngaloo ndlela uqinisekisa ukuba umntwana uyaphila. Izikhonkco zikhuthaza abantwana ukuba bahlale kufuphi nabazali babo, okuvumela umzali ukuba anike ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko kunye nokunakekelwa. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba umntwana unezinto ezifunekayo ukuze aphile.
I-Bowlby yaphakamisa ukuba kukho iziganeko ezine ezibalulekileyo zokunamathisela.
- Okokuqala kukugcinwa kwesondlo , okanye umnqweno wokuba kufuphi nalabo esabelana nabo ngesinamathiselo. Siyakonwabela inkampani yabantu esixhomekeke kuyo, ngoko sizama ukuba kufuphi nabo xa kunokwenzeka.
- Iziqhotyoshelwano zenza indawo ekhuselekileyo , okanye imfuneko yokubuyela kumanani amathintelo ekunyamekeleni nasekuthuthukisweni. Ngexesha loxinzelelo, ukwesaba, okanye ukungaqiniseki, sinokufuna abantu esiqhotyoshelwe kuyo ukuze banakekele kwaye bathuthuzele.
- Okulandelayo, amanani anqamaniso anika nesiseko esilondekileyo sokuhlola . Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ebuntwaneni. Esi sikhokelo esilondekileyo sivumela abantwana ukuba bahlolisise ihlabathi ngelixa bekwazi ukuba bangakwazi ukubuyela kwinqabiseko yesalathisi.
- Ekugqibeleni, abantwana bafumana uxinzelelo lokuhlukana xa behlukana nomfanekiso wesinamathiselo. Ngokomzekelo, abantwana bavame ukucaphukisa xa abazali bebashiya bekhathalele abanye.
Kutheni IsiQinisekiso Kubalulekile?
Isiqhotyoshelweyo sinceda inani leenjongo ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, kunceda ukugcina abantwana kunye nabantwana abasondelene nabanonophelo babo ukuze bafumane ukukhuselwa, okubangela ukuba bancedise amathuba abo okusinda. Ukubambisana okubalulekileyo kubonelela nabantwana abanesiqinisekiso esilungileyo apho basenokuzihlola ngokukhuselekileyo indawo yabo.
Abaphandi ababandakanya i-Ainsworth, i-Bowlby, eyintloko kunye noSolomon bancomekisela nokuba umntwana unamathele njani kubanakekeli bakhe banokuba nompembelelo omkhulu phakathi kokubantwana kwaye kamva ebomini. Baye bafumanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokudibanisa ukuchaza ukuba abantwana abanothando banalo nabazali babo okanye abanonophelo.
Ukungaphumeleli ukuqhotyoshela iqhotyoshelweyo olukhuselekile kunye nomncedisi kuye kwaxhunyaniswa neengxaki ezininzi kuquka ukukhubazeka kokuziphatha kunye nokuchasana nokuchasene nenkinga . Abaphandi bacetyisa ukuba uhlobo lokuqhotyoshelweyo oluboniswe kusenokwenzeka ebomini lunokuthi lube nempembelelo engapheliyo kubudlelwane obudala.
Isazi sengqondo sengqondo uHarry Harlow senze inzululwazi emininzi kwimigangatho yee-rhesus ezimbonakaliso ezibonakalisa iimiphumo eziphazamisayo zokuphazamisa ukudibanisa kwangaphambili. Ngokwehlukahlulo olunye lovavanyo, iintsontsana zabancinci zahlukana noomama zaza zababeka ngonina. Omnye umama wayengumgca wecingo owabanjwa ibhotile, ngelixa omnye umama wayegutyungwe ngezinto eziluhlaza. UHarlow wafumanisa ukuba iinyana ezincinci ziza kufumana ukutya kumama wocingo, kodwa zikhethe ukuchitha ixesha elininzi kunye nonina othabathayo.
Xa kuthelekiswa neenkwenkwe ezikhuliswe ngabaama-azalwayo, iinkwenkwe eziphakanyiswe ngabafazi abanamantombazana zazixhamle kwaye zithinteka kwiingxaki zentlalo nezengqondo. UHarlow wafumanisa ukuba kwakukho ixesha elibalulekileyo apho kufakwe khona izinamathiselo eziqhelekileyo. Ukuba iinkawu zazingavumelekanga ukuba zenze izinamathiselo ngethuba lexesha le window, umonakalo onobuhlungu abaye bafumana ungeke uphindwe.
Nangona uphando kunye nenkohlakalo, uphando lukaHarlow lunceda ekuboniseni ukubaluleka kokuphuhliswa okukhuselekileyo kunye nempilo ebusweni. Izikhonkco ezinjalo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwexesha elizayo.
> Imithombo:
> I-Ainsworth, MDS Ukuphuhliswa kwesinamathiselo ngonina. Ku B. Cardwell & H. Ricciuti (Eds.), Ukuhlaziywa kophando lophuhliso lwabantwana, iNq. 3. IChicago: IYunivesithi yaseCichiff Press; 1973.
> Bowlby J. Okunamathiselwe. Isinamathiselo kunye nokulahleka: I-Vol. 1: Ukulahleka. ENew York: iiNcwadi eziSiseko; 1969.
> Harlow, HF & Zimmermann, RR Ukuphuhliswa kweempembelelo ezichaphazelekayo kwiintsana ezincinci. Iinkqubo ze-American Philosophical Society. 1958; 102: 501 -509.