Ezinye Iingcamango ezibalulekileyo malunga nendlela abantwana abakhula ngayo kunye nokuphuhlisa
Iingcamango zophuhliso lwabantwana zijolise ekuchazeni indlela abantwana abayitshintsha ngayo kwaye bakhule ngexesha lobuncinci. Iingcamango ezinjalo zijolise kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso kuquka ukukhula koluntu, ngokomzwelo nangokwenkqubela.
Uphononongo lokuphuhliswa komntu isifundo esisisityebi kunye. Sonke sinamava ngamava kunye nophuhliso, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukuqonda indlela kwaye kutheni abantu bekhula, bafunde, benze njengoko benzayo.
Kutheni abantwana beziphatha ngeendlela ezithile? Ngaba ukuziphatha kwabo kuxhomekeke kwiminyaka yabo, ubudlelwane beentsapho, okanye iimpawu zomntu ngamnye? Iingcali zengqondo zentuthuko zizama ukuphendula imibuzo enjalo kunye nokuqonda, ukuchaza, nokuqikelela ukuziphatha okuqhubekayo kwixesha lokuphila.
Ukuze uqonde ukuphuhliswa komntu, iindidi ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso lolutsha ziye zavela ukuchaza iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokukhula kwabantu.
Iingcamango zophuhliso lwabantwana: Imvelaphi
Iingcamango zophuhliso zibonelela ngesakhelo sokucinga ngokukhula kwabantu nokufunda. Kodwa kutheni sifunda uphuhliso? Yintoni esinokuyifunda kwiingcamango zengqondo zophuhliso? Ukuba uye wakha wazibuza ukuba yintoni ekhuthaza ingcamango yabantu nokuziphatha, ukuqonda ezi ngcamango kunokunika ingqiqo ebalulekileyo kubantu kunye noluntu.
Ukuqonda kwethu Ukuphuhliswa kwabantwana kuye kwaguquka kule minyaka
Uphuhliso lwabantwana olwenzeka ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya ekukhuleni lwalukhunjulwa kakhulu kwimbali yabantu.
Abantwana babevame ukujongwa nje ngeenguqu ezincinci zabantu abadala kunye neengqalelo ezincinci zahlawulwa kwiinkqubela phambili zamakhono okuqonda, ukusetyenziswa kweelwimi kunye nokukhula ngokomzimba okwenzeka ngexesha lobuncinci.
Inzala kwindawo yokuphuhliswa kwabantwana ekugqibeleni yaqala ukuvela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kodwa yayijonge ukugxila ekuziphatheni okungavamile.
Ekugqibeleni, abaphandi baqhubeka banomdla kwezinye izinto ezibandakanya ukuphuhlisa abantwana kunye nefuthe ekuphuhlisweni.
Ukufunda Ukuphuhliswa Kwabantwana Kusivumela Ukuqonda Ukutshintshwa Kwezinto ezininzi ezenzekayo
Kutheni kubalulekile ukufunda ukuba abantwana bakhula njani, bafunde kwaye batshintshe? Ukuqonda ukuphuhliswa kwabantwana kubalulekile kuba kusenza siqonde ngokupheleleyo ukukhula kwengqondo, ngokomzwelo, emzimbeni, kwentlalo, nakwezemfundo abantwana abahamba ngayo ukusuka ekuzalweni nasekuqaleni kwabantu abadala.
Ezinye zeengcamango eziphambili zokuphuhliswa kwabantwana ziyaziwa njengeengcamango ezinkulu; Bazama ukuchaza yonke into yokuphuhliswa, ngokuqhelekileyo besebenzisa indlela yesigaba. Abanye baziwa ngokuba yi-mini-theories; kunoko bajolise kuphela kumbandela ongenakulinganiswa nophuhliso olufana nokukhula kwengqondo okanye ukukhula koluntu.
Ezi zilandelayo zimbalwa ezimbalwa zeengcamango zokuphuhlisa abantwana eziye zacetyiswa ngaba-theorists nabaphandi. Iingcamango zakutshanje zichaza iinkalo zophuhliso lwabantwana kwaye zichonge ixesha eliqhelekileyo apho oku kukhula khona.
I-Theory yoPhuhliso lwezeNgqondo kaFreud
I-Psychoanalytic theory iqale ngomsebenzi kaSigmund Freud . Ngomsebenzi wakhe weklinikhi kunye nezigulane ezigula ngengqondo, uFrud waqala ukukholelwa ukuba amava abantwana kunye nezifiso ezingaziwayo zathonya ukuziphatha.
Ngokutsho kukaFrud, iingxabano ezenzeka ngexesha ngalinye kulezi zigaba zingaba nefuthe lobomi bomntu kunye nokuziphatha.
UFrud uphakamise enye yeengcamango ezinzulu ezaziwa kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwabantwana. Ngokomxholo we- Freud we-psychosexual , uphuhliso lwabantwana luvela kwinqanaba leendlela ezijoliswe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuzonwabisa zomzimba. Ngexesha ngalinye, umntwana uhlangabezana neengxabano ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yophuhliso.
Ingcamango yakhe yaphakamisa ukuba amandla e-libido ayegxilwe kwimimandla eyahlukileyo eyahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezithile. Ukungaphumeleli ukuqhubela phambili kwinqanaba kunokubangela ukulungiswa kweso sikhundla ekuphuhliseni, oko uFrud akholelwa ukuba unokuchaphazela ekuziphatheni kwabantu abadala.
Ngoko kwenzeka ntoni xa abantwana begqiba ngalinye isigaba? Kwaye kwenzeka ntoni xa umntwana engenzi kakuhle ngexesha lokuphuhlisa? Ukugqiba ngempumelelo isigaba ngasinye kubangela ukuphuhliswa komntu omdala onempilo. Ukuhluleka ukuxazulula iingxabano zesigaba esithile kunokubangela ukulungiswa okunokuba nefuthe ekuziphatheni kwabantu abadala.
Nangona ezinye iingcamango zentuthuko yabantwana zibonisa ukuba ubuntu buya kutshintsha kwaye bukhule ngaphezu kobomi bonke, uFrud wayekholelwa ukuba ngamava okuqala adlala indima enkulu ekubunzeni ukuphuhliswa. NgokukaFreud, ubuntu bubekelwe ngokutsha kwilitye ngeli-5.
Inkolelo ye-Psychosocial Developmental Erikson
Inyiko ye-Psychoanalytic yayinamandla amakhulu kummandla wokuqala wenkulungwane yeshumi leminyaka. Abo baphefumulelwe kwaye baphenjelelwa nguFreud baqhubeka nokwandisa kwiingcamango zikaFrud kunye nokuphuhlisa iingcamango zabo. Kule mi-neo-Freudians, iingcamango zika-Erik Erikson sele ziyaziwa kakhulu.
Inkolelo ye-Erikson yesigaba se-8 yentuthuko yengqondo yengqondo ichaza ukukhula kunye noshintsho kulo lonke ubomi, egxininise ekusebenzisaneni kwezentlalo kunye nempikiswano ephakamileyo ngexesha leendlela ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso.
Nangona u- Erikson ngcamango yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yabelana ngokufanayo kunye neFrud, ihluke ngokugqithisileyo ngeendlela ezininzi. Esikhundleni sokugxila kwisithakazelo sezesondo njengesigxina ekuphuhliseni, u-Erikson ukholelwa ukuba ukusebenzisana nentlalo kunye namava adlala indima enyanzelisayo.
Inyilo yakhe yesibhozo yokukhula komntu ichaze le nkqubo ukusuka ebusaneni ngokufa. Ngexesha ngalinye, abantu bajamelene neengxabano zophuhliso ezichaphazela ukusebenza kamva kunye nokukhula okuqhubekayo.
Ngokungafani nezinye iimbono zentuthuko, i- theory ye-psychology ye-Erikson igxile ekuphuhliseni kuyo yonke imihla. Kwinqanaba ngalinye, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala bajamelana neengxaki zentuthuko ekhonza njengenguqu enkulu. Ukuphumelela ngokuphumelelayo imingeni yesigaba ngasinye kubangela ukuvela kobomi beengqondo.
Iingcamango zoPhuhliso lwaBantwana
Ngethuba lesibini sokuqala lekhulu lemashumi mabini, isikolo esitsha sengcamango eyaziwa ngokuba yi-behaviorism savuka saba yinto ebalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwengqondo. Abaziphetheyo babekholelwa ukuba i-psychology ifuna ukugxila kuphela kwimimiselo ebonakalayo kunye nengqiqo yokuziphatha ukuze ibe yinkqubo yesayensi.
Ngokubhekiselele kumbono wokuziphatha, zonke iindlela zokuziphatha kwabantu zingachazwa ngokwemimandla yendalo. Abanye abaziphatha kakuhle, njengoJohn B. Watson kunye noBF Skinner , bagxininisa ukuba ukufunda kwenzeka kuphela ngeenkqubo zobudlelwane kunye nokuqiniswa.
Iingcamango zokuziphatha zentlalo ekujoliswe kuyo kwindlela ukusebenzisana kokusingqongileyo kuchaphazela ngayo ukuziphatha kwaye kusekelwe kwiingcamango zeoorists ezifana noJohn B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, kunye noBF Skinner. Ezi ngcamango zijongana kuphela nokuziphatha okubonakalayo. Ukuphuhliswa kuthathwa njengempendulo kumvuzo, izigwebo, ukunyanzelisa nokuqiniswa.
Le ngcamango ihluke kakhulu kwezinye iingcamango zentuthuko yabantwana kuba ayinakuqwalasela iingcamango zangaphakathi okanye iimvakalelo zangaphakathi. Endaweni yoko, igxininisa ngokuthe ngqo kwiimeko zobomi esiphila kuzo.
Iintlobo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zokufunda ezivela kule ndlela yokuphuhliswa yinkqubo yokumisela imeko kunye nokusebenza kwemeko . Isimo sokufunda esikolweni sifaka ukufunda ngokubambisana nokuvuselela okwenzeka ngokwemvelo ngokuvuselela ukungathathi hlangothi ngaphambili. Isimo sokusebenza sisisebenzisa ukuqiniswa kunye nokujeziswa ukuguqula iziphatho.
Inkolelo yeCognitive Developmental Theory yePiaget
Iingcamango zengqondo zixhaswa nophuhliso lweenkqubo zomntu. Ikwajonga kwakhona indlela ezi nkqubo zengcamango ezichaphazela ngayo indlela esiyiqondayo kunye nokusebenzisana nehlabathi. UPiaget ucetyise ingcamango ebonakalayo ngoku, kodwa yasiza ukuguqula indlela esicinga ngayo ngentuthuko yabantwana: Abantwana bacinga ngokuhlukileyo kunabantu abadala .
UTheorist uJean Piaget uphakamise enye yeengcamango ezinamandla kakhulu zokuphuhliswa kwengqondo . Ingcamango yakhe yokucinga ifuna ukuchaza nokucacisa uphuhliso lweenkqubo zeengcamango nezengqondo. Ikwajonga nendlela ezi nkqubo zicinga ngayo indlela esiyiqonda ngayo kunye nokusebenzisana nehlabathi.
UPiaget wachaza i-theory yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kwiakhawunti kunye nokulandelelaniswa kwengqondo yophuhliso lwabantwana.
- Isigaba Sensorimotor: Ixesha lexesha phakathi kokuzalwa kunye neminyaka emibili ngexesha lolwazi lweintsana lwehlabathi luphela kwimibono yakhe yokuqonda kunye nemisebenzi yemoto. Iimpazamo zikhawulelwe kwiimpendulo zeemoto ezilula ezibangelwa yimfesane.
- Isigaba sokuSebenza kwangaphambili: Ixesha eliphakathi kweminyaka emi-2 ne-6 apho umntwana efunda ukusebenzisa ulwimi. Ngeli nqanaba, abantwana abanakuqonda i-logic yekhonkrithi, abanakukwazi ukulawula ingqondo kwaye bangakwazi ukuthatha ingcamango yabanye abantu.
- I-Concrete Operational Stage: Ixesha eliphakathi kweminyaka engama-7 no-11 apho abantwana bafumana ukuqonda okungcono ukusebenza kwengqondo. Abantwana baqala ukucinga ngokuchanekileyo malunga neziganeko eziphathekayo, kodwa kunzima ukuqonda iingcamango ezingabonakaliyo.
- Isigaba esisemgangathweni sokuSebenza: Isikhathi esiphakathi kweminyaka eyi-12 ukuya kubadala xa abantu behlakulela ukukwazi ukucinga ngeengcamango ezingabonakaliyo. Izakhono ezinjengeengcamango ezinengqiqo, ukuqiqa ngokucuthayo, kunye nokucwangciswa okucwangcisiweyo kwakhona kuvela ngeli nqanaba.
ITheory ye-Attachment ye-Attachment
Kukho uphando oluninzi malunga nophuhliso loluntu lwabantwana. UJohn Bowbly wacebisa enye yeengcamango zokuqala zentlalo. U-Bowlby ukholelwa ukuba ubudlelwane bokuqala kunye nabanakekeli banendima enkulu ekuphuhliseni abantwana kwaye baqhubeka befuthe ubudlelwane boluntu kulo lonke ubomi.
Inkolelo ye-Bowlby yokuncedisa iphakanyisiwe ukuba abantwana bazalwa benesidingo sangasese sokufakela izinamathiselo. Ezi zinto ezincedisayo zikunceda ekuphuculeni ngokuqinisekisa ukuba umntwana uyakhathalela kwaye ukhuselwe. Akunjalo kuphela, kodwa ezi ziqhotyoshelweyo zibonakaliswe ngepateni yokuziphatha ecacileyo neyokukhuthaza. Ngamanye amagama, bobabini nabantwana abanonophelo bazibandakanya kwiimpawu ezilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukufutshane. Abantwana bazama ukuhlala besondelene kwaye badibane nabanonophelo babo ababonelela ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nesiseko esilondekileyo sokuhlola.
Abaphandi baye bawandisa umsebenzi we-Bowlby wangaphambili kwaye bacebise ukuba kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunamathisela . Abantwana abafumana inkxaso kunye nenkathalo eqhubekayo banokukwazi ukuphuhlisa isimboli sokuncedisa, ngelixa abo bafumana unonophelo olungathembeki kangangoko banokuvelisa isitayela esingenasiphelo, esiphephekileyo okanye esingenakulungiswa.
I-Theory ye-Social Learning Theory
Inkcazo yezemfundo yoluntu isekelwe kumsebenzi weengqondo ze- Albert Bandura . I-Bandura ikholelwa ukuba inkqubo yokumisela nokuqiniswa ayinakukwazi ukuchaza ngokufanelekileyo yonke imfundo yabantu. Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo ye-conditioning ingayifumana njani iimeko zokufunda ezingazange ziqiniswe ngokweenkqubela zesimo okanye imeko yokusebenza?
Ngokweengcamango zokufunda ezentlalo, iimpawu zingaphinde zifundwe ngokuqwalasela nokubonisa imodeli. Ngokuqwalasela izenzo zabanye, kuquka nabazali kunye noontanga, abantwana bahlakulela izakhono ezintsha baze bafumane ulwazi olutsha.
I-theory ye-Bandura yokuphuhliswa kwengane ibonisa ukuba ukuqwalasela kuthatha inxaxheba ebalulekileyo ekufundeni, kodwa lo mbono akudingeki ukuba uthathe uhlobo lokubukela imodeli ephilayo. Kunoko, abantu banokufunda ngokuphulaphula imilayezo yomlomo malunga nendlela yokwenza ukuziphatha kunye nokuqwalasela ukuba abalinganiswa bokwenene okanye abaqingqiweyo babonisa ukuziphatha kwiincwadi okanye kwiifilimu.
Inkcazo yeNkcubeko yeCygotsky
Esinye isazi sezengqondo egama linguLevi Levgotsky sicebisa i-theory ye-seminal learning that has been to influence, ingakumbi kwimfundo yemfundo. NjengoPiaget, uVigotsky wayekholelwa ukuba abantwana bafunda ngokuzenzekelayo nangamava-ngamava. Inkcazo yakhe yezopolitiko nayo yacebisa ukuba abazali, abanonophelo, oontanga kunye nenkcubeko enkulu babejongene nokuphuhlisa imisebenzi ephezulu.
Ngombono kaVygotsky, ukufunda kuyinkqubo yentlalo yoluntu. Ngokusebenzisana nabanye, ukufunda kuya kuhlanganiswa nokuqonda komntu. Le ngongoma yokuphuhliswa komntwana iphinde ifake ingcamango yendawo yokuphuhliswa kokukhawuleza, okuyiyona mpa phakathi kwento umntu angayenza ngayo ngoncedo kunye noko banokukwenza ngokwabo. Kukuncedwa ngabanye abanolwazi ukuba abantu banako ukuqhubeka nokufunda nokunyusa izakhono zabo kunye nobubanzi bokuqonda.
ILizwi
Njengoko ubona, ezinye iingcamango eziziwayo zengqondo ziye zavelisa iingcamango zokuncedisa nokucacisa iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso lwabantwana. Nangona kungekhona zonke ezi ngcamango zamkelwe namhlanje, zonke zineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo ekuqondeni kwethu ukuphuhliswa kwabantwana. Namhlanje, iingqondo zengqondo zihlala zihamba kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemibono ukuze ziqonde indlela abantwana abakhula ngayo, baziphathe ngayo, bacinge.
Ezi ngcamango zimela nje ezimbalwa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucinga malunga nophuhliso lwabantwana. Enyanisweni, ukuqonda ngokucacileyo indlela abantwana abayitshintsha ngayo kwaye bakhule ngexesha lokubuntwa kufuna ukubheka izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela ukukhula ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. UbuGeni, indawo kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezi zinto zibini zibonisa indlela abantwana abakhula ngayo ngokwenyama kunye nangengqondo.
> Imithombo
> Berk, LE. Uphuhliso lwabantwana. Ngomhla we-8. I-USA: I-Pearson Education, Inc; 2009.
> Shute, RH & Slee, PT. Iingcamango zoPhuhliso lweNtwana kunye nePhupha eliPhambili, uQuqulelo lwesiBini. ENew York: uRoutledge; 2015.