Ingqiqo yeeNkcazo zoFundo kwiShyiloji

Ngexesha lokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-20, ininzi yeengqondo zeengqondo zaqhubeka zinesithakazelo ekuguquleni i- psychology ibe yinto enzululwazi. Ukuba besenzululwazi, baxubusha, ingqondo yengqondo ifuneka ukuba ifunde kuphela ezo zinto ezinokulinganiswa kwaye ziqinisekiswe.

Kuye kwavela iindidi zezifundo ezahlukeneyo ukuchaza indlela kwaye kutheni abantu beziphatha ngendlela abayenzayo.

Iingcamango zokufunda zentlalo zijoliswe kwiimpembelelo zemo engqongileyo kwinkqubo yokufunda . Iimpembelelo ezinjalo zokusingqongileyo ziquka imibutho, ukuqiniswa, izijeziso kunye nokuqwalaselwa.

Ezinye zeengcamango zokufunda eziphambili ziquka:

• Uhlobo lweClassical Conditioning
• Isimo sokuSebenza
• KwiNtlalo yoLuntu

Masiqale ngokujonga ngokuthe ngqo kwiingcamango ngasinye kwaye sibathelekise omnye nomnye.

UkuFunda Ngokufunda Ngokweziko

Ingcamango yenkcazo ye-classical inefuthe elikhulu kwintsimi yeengqondo, kodwa indoda eyifumene yayingeyona ingcali yeengqondo. Umfuphi wezilwanyana waseRussia ogama linguIvan Pavlov waqala ukufumanisa imimiselo yenkqubo yeklasi ngexesha lovavanyo lwakhe kwiinkqubo zokugaya izinja . UPavlov waphawula ukuba inja ekulinganisweni yakhe yayiqalise ukukhawuleza xa ibona iingubo ezimhlophe zabancedisi bakhe bebhanki ngaphambi kokutya.

Ngoko ke imimiselo ye-classical ichaza njani ukufunda? Ngokuhambelana nemigaqo yeklasi yokuxoxisana, ukufunda kwenzeka xa iqumrhu lenziwa phakathi kokuvuselela ukungathathi hlangothi kunye nokuvuselela ngokwemvelo. Ngokomvavanyo lukaPavlov, umzekelo, wadibanisa ukuvuselela kokutya ngokuvakala kwentsimbi.

Izinja zazizongena ngokukhawuleza ekuphenduleni kokutya, kodwa emva kwemibutho emininzi, izinja zaziza kugxininisa kwisandi sebell yedwa.

UkuFunda ngokuSebenza koMgangatho

Isimo sokusebenza sasichazwe okokuqala ngu-psychologist BF Skinner. Ngamanye amaxesha kuthethwa ngokuba yi-Skinnerian conditioning and conditioning conditioning . U-Skinner wayekholelwa ukuba imeko ye-classical ayikwazi ukuphendula ngayo yonke iindidi zokufunda kwaye yayinomdla ngakumbi ekufundeni ukuba iziphumo zezenzo zithonya njani iimpawu.

Njengemeko yeklasi, imeko yokusebenza ixhomekeke ekubunzeni imibutho. Kwimeko yokusebenza, nangona kunjalo, imibutho yenziwa phakathi kokuziphatha kunye nemiphumo yaloo mfanelo. Xa ukuziphatha kukukhokelela kwisiphumo esinqwenelekayo, kuba lula ukuba ukuziphatha kuya kuphinda kuphindwe kwakhona kwixesha elizayo. Ukuba izenzo zikhokelela kwisiphumo esibi, nangona kunjalo, ngoko kuziphatha kuya kuba nzima ukuba kwenzeke.

UkuFunda Ngokuqwalasela

U-Albert Bandura wayekholelwa ukuba imibutho kunye nokuqiniswa ngokuthe ngqo akukwazi ukuphendula ngokufunda konke. "Ukufunda kuya kuba nzima kakhulu, kungabonakali ngengozi, ukuba abantu bafanele bathembele kuphela kwimiphumo yabo ngokwabo ukuba baxelele ukuba benzani," wabhala ngokunyanisekileyo kwincwadi yakhe ethi 1977 ethi Social Learning Theory.

Kunoko, wacetyisa ukuba ezininzi zezifundo zenzeka ngokubonwa. Abantwana baqwalasela izenzo zalabo bajikelezayo, ingakumbi abakhathalelayo kunye nabazalwana babo, baze baxelise ezi ziphatha. Kwimvavanyo yakhe eyaziwayo yeBobo doll , i-Bandura ibonisa ukuba kulula kangakanani abantwana ukuba bakhokele ukuba baxelise. Abantwana ababebukele ividyo yomntu omdala bebetha idoli enkulu e-inflatable doll bebanokukwazi ukukopisha loo ntshukumo xa benikwa ithuba.

Mhlawumbi kubaluleke kakhulu, iBurura yaphawula ukuba ukufunda into engabangela ukuba utshintsho ekuphatheni. Abantwana bahlala befunda izinto ezintsha ngokuqwalasela, kodwa abanokuzibandakanya kwezo ziphatha ngokwabo kude kubekho imfuneko okanye iinjongo zokusebenzisa ulwazi.

Ulwahlulo oluphambili kwiiNkcazo zokuFunda