Kwindlela yokwenza unyango, injongo kukuqinisa iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo nokuphelisa abantu abangafunekiyo okanye abangenayo i-maladaptive. Unyango lwendlela yokuziphatha lujoliswe kwimigaqo yokuziphatha , isikolo sengcamango sigxile kwingcamango esiyifunda kuyo. Izindlela ezisetyenziswa kulolu hlobo lwenyango zisekelwe kwiingcamango zesimo sengqondo kunye nesimo sokusebenza.
Enye into ebalulekileyo ukuba uqaphele ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatheka kwezifo zithi zihlukile kwezinye iindidi zonyango ezixhomekeke kwingqiqo (njengezengqondo zengqondo kunye nezobuntu), unyango lokuziphatha lusekelwe kwisenzo. Iingcali zengqondo zijolise ekusebenziseni izicwangciso zokufunda ezifanayo ezikhokelela ekwakheni iziphatho ezingafunekiyo.
Ngenxa yoko, unyango lwezohambo lusetyenziswa kakhulu. Ukuziphatha ngokwayo ingxaki kwaye injongo kukufundisa abaxhasi ukuziphatha okutsha ukunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa umba. Ukufunda kwangaphambili kwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwengxaki kwaye ke ingcamango kukuba ukufunda okutsha kungayilungisa.
Kukho nakwiindawo ezintathu eziphambili ezijolise kwiinkqubo zonyango lokuziphatha:
- Ulwaphulo-mbono lwendlela yokuziphatha luxhomekeke kwiindlela zokuziphatha kodwa longeza into engqondweni, igxininise ingcamango engxaki yokuziphatha.
- Uhlalutyo lokuziphatha olusetyenzisiweyo lusetyenzisa isimo sokusebenza ukuloba nokuguqula iimpawu ezinengxaki.
- Inkcazo yezemfundo yoluntu , amaziko malunga nendlela abantu abayifunda ngayo ngokuqwalasela. Ukuqwalasela abanye ukuvuzwa okanye ukuhlawulwa ngenxa yezenzo zabo kunokukhokelela ekufundeni nasekuguquleni ukuziphatha.
Imvelaphi emfutshane
U-Edward Thorndike wayengomnye wabokuqala ukubhekisela kwingcamango yokuziphatha. Abanye oovulindlela bokuqala bobuchwephesha bokuziphatha baquka i-psychologists uJoseph Wolpe noHans Eysenck .
Umsebenzi wobuqu BF Skinner waba nomthelela omkhulu ekuphuhliseni ukuphathwa kweyeza kwaye umsebenzi wakhe wazisa ezininzi iingcamango nezindlela ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje.
Kamva, izazi zengqondo ezifana noAron Beck noAlbert Ellis zaqala ukongeza isicatshulwa kwiindlela zokuziphatha zokwenza unyango obizwa ngokuba yi-CBT.
Isiseko soPhatha lweZenzo
Ukuze siqonde indlela yokusebenza ngayo unyango, makhe siqale ngokuhlola imigaqo emibini ebalulekileyo echaphazela unyango wokuziphatha: ukulungelelaniswa kwimeko yokudala kunye nokusebenza.
Iimeko eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukudala imibutho phakathi kwezinto ezihamba phambili. Izinto ezingaphathi hlangothi zangaphambili zidibene ne-stimulus evakalayo kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo ivakalisa impendulo. Emva kokuphindaphindiweyo okubiniweyo, iqumrhu lenziwa kwaye i-stimulus yangaphambili engathathi hlangothi iza kuphakamisa impendulo ngokwayo.
Isimo sokusebenza sigxininisa indlela ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokuhlwaywa kunokusetyenziswa ngayo ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa ixesha lokuziphatha. Iingxaki ezilandelwa yimiphumo enqwenelekayo ziyakwenzeka kwakhona kwixesha elizayo, ngelixa ezo zilandelwa yimiphumo emibi ziba nzima ukuba zenzeke.
Ulwaphulo lweZenzo ngokusekelwe kwiClassical Conditioning
Iimeko eziqhelekileyo yindlela enye yokuguqula ukuziphatha, kwaye kukho iindlela ezininzi ezinokuvelisa utshintsho olunjalo.
Ekuqaleni eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuguqulwa kokuziphatha, olu hlobo lonyango lubhelelwa namhlanje njengoluhlalutyo lwendlela yokuziphatha.
Ezinye zezicwangciso kunye nezicwangciso ezisetyenziswe kule ndlela kwipilisi ziquka:
Umkhukula: Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukubonakalisa abantu kwizinto ezinokubangela ukwesaba-imeko okanye iimeko ngokukhawuleza nangokukhawuleza. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa ukuphatha i- phobias , ukuxhalabisa kunye nezinye iingxaki eziphathelele uxinzelelo. Ngethuba le nkqubo, umntu uthintela ukuba angaphunyuki okanye aphephe imeko.
Ngokomzekelo, izikhukula zingasetyenziselwa ukunceda umxhasi ojongene noyiko olunzulu lwezinja. Ekuqaleni, umthengi angabonakaliswa kwinja encinci yenyani ixesha elide apho angakwazi ukuhamba khona.
Emva kokugqithiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwinja xa kungenakwenzeka into embi, ukuphendula ukwesaba kuya kuqala.
Ukuchithwa kwemiSebenzi: Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuba umthengi enze uluhlu lweentlonelo aze afundise umntu ukuba aphumle ngelixa egxininisa kule nkxalabo. Ukusetyenziswa kwale nqubo kwaqala ngumbhali wezengqondo uJohn B. Watson kunye novavanyo lwakhe oludumileyo lwe- Little Albert apho afaka umntwana omncinci ukwesaba i-rat emhlophe. Kamva, uMary Cover Cover waphinda wachaza iziphumo zikaWatson kwaye wasebenzisa iindlela zokunciphisa ukutshatyalaliswa nokuphelisa ukwesaba.
Ukutshatyalaliswa kweenkqubo ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa ukuphatha i-phobias. Le nkqubo ilandelelanisa ezintathu.
- Okokuqala, umxhasi ufundiswa iindlela zokuphucula.
- Emva koko, umntu udala uludwe oluthile lweemeko eziza kuyika.
- Ukuqala ngento encinci yokwesaba kunye nokusebenza ngendlela eya kwizinto ezinokubangela ukwesaba, umxhasi unxulumene nale nkxalabo phantsi kokukhokelwa kwiphrogram ngenkathi egcina imeko ekhululekile.
Umzekelo, umntu onoyiko lomnyama angase aqale ngokujonga umfanekiso wesigumbi esimnyama ngaphambi kokuba aqhubekele ekucingeni malunga nokuba egumbini elimnyama aze ahlangabezane noloyiko lwakhe ngokuhlala egumbini elimnyama. Ngokudibanisa ukuvuselela okudala ukwesaba ukwenziwa kwindlela yokuphumla yokufunda, ukuphendulwa kwe-phobic kunganciphisa okanye kupheliswe.
Ulwaphulo lwe-Aversion : Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukudibanisa ukuziphatha okungathandekiyo kunye nefuthe elikhuselekileyo ngethemba lokuba ukuziphatha okungafunekiyo kuya kugcityhiswa. Umzekelo, umntu onxilisayo angasebenzisa isilwanyana esibizwa ngokuba yi-disulfiram, esibangela iimpawu ezinzima ezifana neentloko, isisonguluko, ukuxhalaba nokuhlanza xa zidibene notywala. Ngenxa yokuba umntu ugula kakhulu xa esela, ukuziphatha kokusela kunokupheliswa.
Ulwaphulo lokuziphatha ngokusekelwe kuMgangatho wokuSebenza
Izindlela ezininzi zokuziphatha zithembele kwimimiselo yokusebenza kwesimo, oku kuthetha ukuba basebenzisa ukuqiniswa, ukujeziswa, ukubunjwa, ukulandelelanisa kunye neendlela ezinxulumene nokuguqula ukuziphatha. Ezi ndlela zinenzuzo yokugxininisa kakhulu, oko kuthetha ukuba banokuvelisa iziphumo ezikhawulezayo neziphumelelayo.
Ezinye zezicwangciso kunye nezicwangciso ezisetyenziswe kule ndlela kulwaphulo lokuziphatha ziquka:
Uqoqosho loTywala: Olu hlobo lwesicwangciso sokuziphatha luthembele ekuqinisekiseni ukuguqula ukuziphatha. Abaxhasi bavunyelwe ukufumana amathokheni angatshintshana ngamalungelo akhethekileyo okanye izinto ezifunwayo. Abazali notitshala bavame ukusebenzisa ubutyebi bokubonakalisa ukuziphatha kakuhle. Abantwana bafumana amathokheni ekubandakanyekeni ekuziphatheni okukhethiweyo kwaye banokulahlekelwa ngamathokheni okubonisa iimpawu ezingathandekiyo. Ezi zi tokens ziyakwazi ukuthengiswa ngezinto ezifana ne-candy, imidlalo, okanye ixesha elide lokudlala neyotokethi oyintandokazi.
Lawulo lokuQinisekisa: Le ndlela isebenzisa isivumelwano esibhaliweyo esibhaliweyo phakathi komxhasi kunye nomgqirha ochaza iinjongo zenguqu zokuziphatha, ukuqiniswa kunye nemivuzo eya kunikwa kunye nezohlwayo zokungakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zesivumelwano. Ezi ntlobo zezivumelwano azizisebenzisi nje ngabagqirha - ootitshala nabazali kaninzi bawasebenzisa nabafundi kunye nabantwana ngendlela yokuziphatha kwezivumelwano. Iikontraka eziqhubekayo zingasebenza kakhulu ekuveliseni utshintsho lwezenzo kuba imithetho ichazwe ngokucacileyo kumnyama nomhlophe, ukukhusela amaqela omabili ukuba angabancedisi kwizithembiso zabo.
Ukumodareyitha: Le nkqubo iquka ukufunda ngokuqwalasela nokubonisa indlela abanye abaziphatha ngayo. Le nkqubo isekelwe kwi-theory ye- social learning theory ye-Albert Bandura, egxininisa iinkqubo zentlalo kwinkqubo yokufunda. Esikhundleni sokuthembela nje ekuqinisekiseni okanye ekujezisweni, imodeli ivumela abantu ukuba bafunde izakhono ezintsha okanye iimpawu ezamkelekileyo ngokujonga omnye umntu enze ezo zakhono ezifunayo. Kwezinye iimeko, u-therapist unokubonisa indlela yokuziphatha efunwayo. Kwamanye amaxesha, ukubukela oontanga ababandakanyeka ekufuneni emva kokuziphatha kunokunceda.
Ukuqothula : Enye indlela yokuvelisa ukuguquka kokuziphatha kukuyeka ukuqinisa ukuziphatha ukuze kupheliswe impendulo. Ukuphuma kwexesha ngumzekelo ogqityiweyo wenkqubo yokuphela. Ngexesha lokuphuma, umntu ususwe kwiimeko ezinika ukuqiniswa. Ngokomzekelo, umntwana oqala ukukrazula okanye ukubetha abanye abantwana uya kususwa kumsebenzi wokudlala kwaye kufuneka ukuba ahlale ethule ngasecaleni okanye kwelinye igumbi apho kungekho namathuba okuqwalaselwa kunye nokuqiniswa. Ngokubamba ingqalelo into eyenziwa ngumntwana, ukuziphatha okungafunekiyo kugcinwe kucinywa.
Usebenza Ngonyango Oluphilileyo?
Xa kufikelele ekuphatheni imicimbi ethile yokuziphatha, unyango lwendlela yokuziphatha lunokuthi lube luncedo ngakumbi kwezinye iindlela. I-Phobias, i- panic disorder , kunye ne- dissesive-compulsive disorder yimimiselo yeengxaki eziphendula kakuhle kwizonyango zokuziphatha.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iindlela zokuziphatha azisoloko zisisombululo esihle. Ngokomzekelo, unyango lwendlela yokuziphatha ngokuqhelekileyo aluyona ndlela efanelekileyo xa unyango lweengxaki ezithile zeengqondo ezifana nokudandatheka kunye ne-schizophrenia. Unyango lwendlela yokuziphatha lungaba luncedo ekuncedeni abathengi ukulawula okanye ukujamelana neemeko ezithile zezi zimo zengqondo, kodwa kufuneka zisetyenziswe kunye nezinye izigulane zonyango ezicetyiswa ngugqirha wezonyango, isazi sengqondo sengqondo okanye isifo sengqondo.
Iingxelo
Bellack, AS, & Hersen, M. (1985). Isichazi seNkqubo zoPhando lweeNyango . ENew York: iPergamo.
Rimm, DC, & Masters, JC (1974). Ulwaphulo lweZenzo: Iinkqubo kunye neziphumo zoBugcisa . ENew York: i-Academic.
UWolpe, J. (1982). Isiqhelo Sendlela yokuziphatha, unyango wesi-3 . ENew York: iPergamo.