Ukuqwalasela ngokugqithiseleyo iimpawu zobunkokeli obuphambili
Imfundiso yenkcubeko yobunkokheli igxile ekuboneni iimpawu zobuntu ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu ezidibene nenkokeli ephumelelayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Olu luhlu lophando lwavela njengenye yeendlela zokuqala zophando malunga nobunkokheli obunobungqina kwaye zibophelelwe kwingcamango "yindoda enkulu" yokuqala ephakanyiswa nguTomot Carlyle phakathi ne-1800s.
UTomot Carlyle kunye neCandelo leMpawu yoLawulo
Ngokutsho kukaCarlyle, imbali ibanjwe ngabaholi abaqhelekileyo. Oku kukwazi ukukhokela yinto abantu abazalelwe ngayo, uCarlyle wakholwa, kwaye ayikho into enokuphuhliswa. Iingcamango zikaCarlyle ziphefumlelweyo uphando olusenyakatho kwi nkokheli, eziphantse zijolise kwiimpawu zokufa. Ezinye zeempembelelo zengcamango yomgaqo-nkokheli yile:
- Ezinye izakhi zivelisa iipatheni ezithile zokuziphatha
- Ezi patheni zihambelana kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo
- Abantu bazalwa bele nkalo zobunkokheli
Ukuphikisana kobuNkokheli
Izifundo zokuqala zobunkokheli zijolise kwiintlukwano phakathi kweenkokeli kunye nabalandeli abanoluvo lokuba abantu kwizikhundla zobukhokeli babeza kubonakalisa ezinye iinkalo zobunkokeli kunezo zikhundla eziphantsi. Yintoni abaphandi abayifumeneyo, nangona kunjalo, kwakukho impawu ezimbalwa ezingasetyenziselwa ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabaholi kunye nabalandeli.
Ngokomzekelo, iinkokeli zazihlala ziphakamileyo kwiimpawu ezinjenge- extroduction , ukuzithemba, kunye nokuphakama, kodwa oku kwahluka kwabonakala kuncinci.
Kukho iingxaki ezicacileyo kunye nendlela yokuziphatha yobunkokheli. Ekubeni abameli beli ngcamango bacetyiswa ukuba iimpawu ezithile zidibaniswe nobunkokeli obuqinileyo, kutheni wonke umntu obonakalisa oku kuthiwa "iimpawu zobunkokeli" uba yinkokheli enkulu?
Kuthiwani ngeenkokheli ezinkulu ezingenazo iimpawu ezixhomekeke kubunkokeli? Kuthiwani ngendima yeendlela eziguqukayo okanye iimpawu zeqela?
Uphando olubalulekileyo kwiNkcazo yoLuntu lweNkokheli
Uphando oluthile malunga nomxholo wobukhokelo luquka:
- 1948- Izifundo zikaRalph Melvin Stogdill zibonisa ukuba ubukhokeli bubangelwa kukusebenzisana phakathi komntu kunye neemeko zentlalontle kungekhona umphumo wezinto ezichazwe ngaphambili.
- Ngowe-1974 -Isixokelelwano senza izifundo ezongezelelweyo ezifumanisa ukuba zombini iimpawu kunye nezimo ezikhoyo zinegalelo ekukholeni.
- Ngama-1980- uJames M. Kouzes kunye noBarry Z. Uphononongo olungaphezulu kwe-1,500 abaphathi kunye nokufumanisa ukuba iimpawu ezine eziphezulu ezinxulumene nobunkokeli obufanelekileyo zizithembekileyo, zikhangele phambili, zikhuthaze kwaye zikwazi. I-Kouzes kunye ne-Posner ibhekisela kule mimpawu emine ngokuthi "inokuthenjwa."
Impawu zobunkokeli ezibalulekileyo
Ngamhla, iincwadi kunye namaqaku onke iimpawu ezahlukahlukeneyo eziyimfuneko ukuba abe yinkokeli enkulu. Yenza kuphela uphando lwe-intanethi kwiimpawu zobunkokeli kwaye uza kuza kunye namakhulu amawebhusayithi aza kukunika uluhlu.
Abaphandi abahlukeneyo baye benza uphando kunye nokuphonononga uphando oludibanisa iinkalo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobunkokheli obusebenzayo.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuhlaziywa kuka-Stogdill ngo-1974 lweenqobo zobunkokheli ezichazwe iimpawu ezibandakanya ubudala, umzimba kunye nokubonakala, ingqiqo , ulwazi, uxanduva kunye nokuzithemba .
Uphando lubonisa ezinye iinkalo zobunkokeli
Elinye iqela lwakutshanje lwenziwa ngolu hlobo malunga noluphi uqeqesho lwabaqeshwa kwiikholi zabo. Nangona ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuthembeka kwakunqwenelekayo, iimpawu abasebenzi abafunayo kwiikhokeli zabo bexhomekeka kwinqanaba lobukhokelo ababenalo. Baye banqwenela ukufuna iimpawu ezingaphezulu zomntu ezifana novelwano novumelwane kwiimodareli zabo ezingaphantsi kwezona ndawo kunye nezimo eziphambili ezinjengezikhundla kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwiimodareli zabo eziphezulu.
Ezinye zeendlela eziqhelekileyo ezidibaniswa nobunkokheli obukhulu ziquka ezi zilandelayo.
- I-Intelligence ne-Action-Oriented Judgment: Iinkokeli ezinkulu kwaye zihlakaniphile kwaye zenze iinqunto ezihambisa iqela phambili.
- Ukuthabatha Ukwamkela uxanduva: Iinkokheli ezinamandla zithatha uxanduva kwaye musa ukugxeka abanye. Bemi ngempumelelo yabo kwaye bathathe ubunini beefoto zabo.
- Ukhono loKhuphiswano: Umkhokeli omkhulu unamandla kwaye unako. Amalungu eqela akwazi ukubheka kwinkokeli ngomzekelo wendlela kufuneka kwenziwe ngayo izinto.
- Ukuqonda Abalandeli kunye Neemfuno Zabo: Iinkokeli eziphumelelayo ziqwalasela amalungu eqela kwaye zikhathalele ngokunyanisekileyo ngokubanceda baphumelele. Bafuna umntu ngamnye kwiqela ukuba aphumelele kwaye adlala indima ekuhambiseni lonke iqela phambili.
- Abantu abanezakhono : Ubunono obuphambili bentsebenziswano kubalulekile ekukholeni ngokufanelekileyo. Iinkokeli ezinkulu zikwazi ukusebenzisana kakuhle kunye nezinye iinkokheli kunye namalungu eqela.
- Ufuna ukuphumelela: Iinkokheli ezinamandla zinesidingo sokuphumelela kwaye zincede iqela lifezekise iinjongo zabo. Bayikhathalela ngokwenene impumelelo yeqela kwaye bazibophezele ekuncedeni iqela ukuba lifikelele ezi zinto zibalulekileyo.
- Ukukwazi ukukhuthaza abantu: Inkokeli enkulu iyazi indlela yokukhuthaza abanye kwaye ibakhuthaze ukuba benze okusemandleni abo.
- Isibindi kunye nesisombululo: Iinqununu ezilungileyo zizobukhali kwaye zizinikele kwiinjongo zeqela. Abafihli kwimingeni.
- Ukunyamezela: Iinkokheli ezinamandla zinamathela kuyo, nangona izinto ziba nzima okanye iqela lijongene nemingcipheko ebalulekileyo.
- Ukuthenjwa: Amalungu eqela kufuneka akwazi ukuxhomekeka kwaye athembele kumntu ohokelayo.
- Ukunqumanisa: Inkokeli enkulu inokwenza isigqibo kwaye iyathemba kwizenzo zakhe.
- Ukuzithemba: ezininzi iinkokheli ezizimeleyo zizinzileyo. Ngenxa yokuba bayazithemba ngokwabo, abalandeli bahlala beqala ukwabelana ngale nto yokukholelwa.
- Ukuqinisekiswa: Inkokheli enkulu inakho ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo kwaye ixhomekeke ngaphandle kokuphuma njengobungqina obukhulu.
- Ukulungelelaniswa kunye nokuzinzileyo: Iinkokeli eziphumelelayo azizinzileyo. Bayakwazi ukucinga ngaphandle kwebhokisi kwaye bavumelane ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko eziguquka.
- Ukuzinza Emoyeni: Ukongezelela ekuthembekeni jikelele, iinkokeli ezinamandla zikwazi ukulawula iimvakalelo zabo kwaye ziphephe ukungabikho.
- Ubunono: Mhlawumbi kubaluleke kakhulu, iinkokeli ezinkulu azigcini nje ngokwabo, zikwazi ukukhuthaza ubuchule phakathi kwamalungu eqela.
Akukho Uluhlu lweZiko loLuntu olukhoyo
Ngoku kutshanje, abaphandi abaninzi baye bagxila kwinkqubo yokungabikho kobunkokheli obubonisa ukuba abantu abanemimandla ethile bangasebenza ngakumbi kwiimeko ezithile zobunkokeli kwaye ngaphantsi kwabanye. Ngoxa uphando luye lwaphakamisa ukuba ezinye iinkalo zidibaniswe ngezinye iinkqubo kunye nobunkokeli obuqinileyo, kubonisa ukuba akukho luhlu lwamaqela oluye lwabonakala lubonisa iimpawu zonke iinkokheli ezinkulu eziza kuba nazo okanye eziza kuqinisekisa ukuphumelela kobukhokeli kuzo zonke iimeko.
ILizwi
Nangona ezi ziqhelo zihlala zidibaniswa nobuholi bobuchule, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iinkokeli ezimbalwa ziphethe zonke ezi mpawu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkokheli enamandla iya kuba neyona mininzi impawu, kodwa iinkalo zolu meko zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqaliseni ukuba abantu bayakwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kukusebenzisana phakathi kwezi mpawu kunye nemeko ebeka umgangatho wobunkokheli .
> Imithombo:
> Lussier R, Achua C. Ubunkokheli: Inkolelo, isicelo, kunye nophuhliso lwezakhono . UMason, OH: UCengage Learning; 2012.
> Nichols AL, uCottrell CA. Yintoni Abantu Abayifunayo KwiiNtloko Zabo? Indima yobunkokeli beNkokheli kwiNkqubo yokuLungisa. Inkokheli yeKota . Agasti 2014; 25 (4): 711-729. i-doi: 10.1016 / j.leaqua.2014.04.001.
> Shriberg A, Shriberg D. Ukusebenzisa izikhokelo zeNkokeli kunye nezicelo. Hoboken, NJ: UJohn Wiley kunye noNyana; 2011.