UVigotsky wasweleka, kodwa waba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwingqondo
UVev Vygotsky wayengumgqirha wezengqondo waseRussia owaziwa kakhulu kwi- theory yakhe yenzululwazi . Wayekholelwa ukuba intsebenziswano yoluntu inendima ebalulekileyo ekufundeni kwabantwana. Ngokusebenzisa intsebenziswano enxulumene nentlalo, abantwana bahamba kwinkqubo yokuqhubeka yokufunda. Kodwa uVigotsky ukhankanyile ukuba inkcubeko ibangela kakhulu le nkqubo. Ukulinganisa, ukufunda ngokukhokelwa, kunye nokufunda ngokubambisana bonke badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwingcamango yakhe.
Ubomi bokuqala bukaVigotsky
ULev Vygotsky wazalelwa ngoNovemba 17, 1896, eOrsha, isixeko esisezantsi kwintando yaseRussia.
Waya kwiYunivesithi yaseMoscow State, apho waphumelela khona kwi-degree e-1917. Wafunda iindidi zezihloko xa eya kwikoyunivesithi, kubandakanya i-sociology, iilwimi, i-psychology kunye nefilosofi. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wakhe osesikweni kwizengqondo azizange ziqale de ngo-1924 xa wayeya kwiziko le-Psychology eMoscow.
Wagqiba intetho ngo-1925 kwi-psychology yobugcisa kodwa wanikezelwa iqondo lakhe ngokungabikho ngenxa yesifo sofuba esifanelekileyo esamshiya engenakunyusa unyaka. Emva kokugula kwakhe, uVigotsky waqalisa ukuphanda izihloko ezifana nolwimi, ukunakwa, kunye nenkumbulo ngoncedo lwabafundi kuquka uAlexei Leontiev noAlexander Luria.
Umsebenzi kaVigotsky kunye neNkcazo
UVigotsky wayengumlobi obalaseleyo, ukupapasha iincwadi ezintandathu kwiingqondo zengqondo kwixesha eliyiminyaka elishumi.
Iminqweno yakhe yayihluke kakhulu kodwa ihlala ingundoqo kwimicimbi yokuphuhlisa abantwana kunye nemfundo. Kwakhona waphonononga izifundo ezifana neengqondo zezobugcisa kunye nophuhliso lolwimi.
Ummandla woPhuhliso oluPhambili
Ngokutsho kukaVigotsky, ummandla wophuhliso oluphambili
"umgama phakathi kwenqanaba lophuhliso loqobo njengoko lugqitywe ngxaki yokuzixazulula ngokuzimeleyo kunye nenqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwamandla njengoko kunqunyulwe ngokusombulula iingxaki phantsi kolawulo lwabantu abadala okanye ngokubambisana nabalingane abangakumbi." - UVev Vygotsky, Mind in Society, 1978
Okubalulekileyo, eli nqanaba likhoyo phakathi kwezinto umntwana aziyo kunye noko angayazi. Inkqubo yokufumana loo nkcukacha idinga izakhono ezingenayo okanye azikwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimeleyo, kodwa unokwenza ngoncedo lolunye olwazi.
Abazali kunye nootitshala banokukhuthaza ukufunda ngokubonelela ngamathuba emfundo aphantsi kwendawo yomntwana yokuphuhliswa okuphambili. Abantwana banokufunda ngokubanzi kwiontanga, ngoko ootitshala banokukhuthaza le nkqubo ngokubambisana nabantwana abanezakhono abangaphantsi koogqirha abanolwazi olufunda nabo.
Enye Eyaziwayo
U-Vygotsky wakha omnye umntu onolwazi njengomntu onolwazi olunzulu kunye nezakhono kunomfundi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, lo mntu ungumdala njengomzali okanye utitshala. Abantwana bafunda nokubaninzi ngokubambisana kwabo kunye neontanga zabo, kwaye abantwana bahlala beqaphela ngakumbi oko abahlobo babo nabalingana nabo baziyo nokwenzayo kunokuba benze kubantu abadala.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani osebenza njengolwazi olungaphezulu, okona kubalulekile ukuba banikeze imfundo yoluntu olufunekayo kunye nommandla wophuhliso oluxhasayo xa umfundi ekhuselekileyo ukukhokela. Abantwana banokuzigcina baze baxelise okanye bafumane imfundiso ekhokelwayo yokufumana ulwazi olutsha kunye nezakhono.
Inkcazo yeNkcubeko
ULevi Vygotsky uphakamise ukuba ukuphuhliswa komntu kubangelwa ukusebenzisana okukhulu phakathi kwabantu kunye noluntu. Ngalolu dlelwane, abantwana bafunda ngokuthe ngcembe nangokuqhubekayo kubazali nootitshala. Le nkalo, kodwa, ingahluka kwenye inkcubeko ukuya kwilandelayo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba imbono kaVygotsky igxininisa ubunzima bokubambisana. Umbutho awupheleli nje abantu; Abantu banokuchaphazela uluntu lwabo.
Igalelo kwiNzululwazi
Ubomi bukaVigotsky bugqitywe ngokukhawuleza ngoJuni 11, 1934, xa wafa ngesifo sofuba eneminyaka engama-37.
Ubhekwa njengomcwangcisi oqulunqayo kwengqondo, kwaye umsebenzi wakhe omningi usasaziwa kwaye uhlolisiswa namhlanje.
Ngoxa wayephila ngo- Skinner , uPavlov , Freud , noPiaget , umsebenzi wakhe awuzange ufikelele kwizinga eliphakamileyo ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe. Ingxenye yale nto ingenxa yokuba iqela lamaKomanisi lalihlala ligxeka umsebenzi wakhe eRashiya, kwaye ngoko ke imibhalo yakhe yayingenakufikeleleka kwihlabathi leNtshona. Ukufa kwakhe kwangaphambi kweminyaka engama-37 kwanegalelo ekuphumeni kwakhe.
Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wakhe uye waqhubeka waba nefuthe ukususela ekufeni kwakhe, ngokukodwa kwimimandla yophuhliso lweengqondo kunye nezemfundo .
Kwaye kwada kwafika ngowe-1970 ukuba iingcamango zikaVigotsky zaziwa kwi-West njengemigqaliselo emitsha kunye neengcamango zaziswa kwiinkalo zengqondo nezophuhliso. Ukususela ngoko, imisebenzi kaVigotsky sele iguqulelwe kwaye ibe nefuthe kakhulu, ngakumbi kwimimandla yemfundo. Kwinqanaba lezengqondo zengqondo, uVigotsky wachazwa njengengqondo ye-psychologist ye-83 edlalwa rhoqo kwixesha le-20 leminyaka.
Vygotsky vs Piaget
UPiaget noVigotsky babehlala ngexesha, kodwa iingcamango zikaVigotsky azizange ziyaziwa kude kube sekude emva kokufa kwakhe. Nangona iimbono zabo zabelwana ngokufanayo, kwakukho ukungafani okubalulekileyo, kuquka:
- UVigotsky akazange aphule ukuphuhliswa kwaba luhlu lwamanyathelo amiselwe ngaphambili njengoPiaget.
- UVigotsky wagxininisa indima ebalulekileyo eyenziwa yenkcubeko, ukubonisa ukungafani kwenkcubeko kunokuba nefuthe eliphambili ekuphuhlisweni. Umbono kaPiaget ukhombisa ukuba uphuhliso lukhulu kakhulu.
- Iingcamango zikaPiaget zijolise kakhulu ekuthandaneni kontanga xa ifundiso kaVigotsky igxininisa ukubaluleka kwabantu abadala nolwazi.
- Inkolelo kaVigotsky yayigxininisa indima yolwimi ekuphuhliseni, into eyenziwa nguPiaget ngokunyanisekileyo.
Ngamazwi akhe aKodwa
"Ukufunda kungaphezu kokufunyanwa kwamandla okucinga; kukufunyanwa kwamandla amaninzi okucinga ngezinto ezahlukeneyo." - UVev Vygotsky, Mind in Society, 1978
Iincwadi ezikhethiweyo
Vygotsky LS. Ingqondo kuMbutho: Ukuphuhliswa kweeNkqubo eziPhakamileyo zeengqondo. I-Cambridge: MA: I-Press ye-University of Harvard; 1978.
Vygotsky LS. Ukucinga kunye noLwimi . Kozulin A, idluliselwe. I-Cambridge, MA: I-MIT Press; 1986. (Umsebenzi wokuqala owapapashwa ngowe-1934)
Vygotsky LS. Ukucinga nokuthetha. UMickick N, othungayo. INew York: I-Plenum Press; 1987.
Ukuba unomdla wokufunda ezinye zezinto zikaVygotsky, ezininzi zeencwadi zakhe zifumaneka kwifomati epheleleyo kwiVicotky Internet Archive.
> Imithombo
- > Haggbloom SJ, Warnick JE, Jones VK, et al. I-100 yezona ziNgcono zeeNgqondo zonyaka wama-20. Ukuphononongwa kweNgcaciso yengqondo. 2002; 6 (2): 139-152. i-doi: 10.1037 / 1089-2680.6.2.139.
- > Vygotsky LS. Ukucinga kunye noLwimi . Kozulin A, idluliselwe. I-Cambridge, MA: I-MIT Press; 1986. (Umsebenzi wokuqala owapapashwa ngowe-1934)
- > Woolfolk AE. Psychology yezemfundo. Iphepha le-14. Pearson; 2018.