Iimpawu zokuziphatha ezinjalo zijoliswe ekuncedeni abanye abantu. Ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kubonakala kukukhathazeka ngamalungelo, iimvakalelo kunye nenhlalakahle yabanye abantu. Izibonelelo ezinokuthi zichazwe nje ziquka ukuvakalelwa nokukhathalela abanye nokuziphatha ngendlela yokuncedisa okanye ukuzuza abanye abantu.
Kwi -Handbook ye-Social Psychology , C.
UDaniel Batson uchaza ukuba iziphathamandla eziphathekayo zibhekiselele "kwiintlobo ezininzi zezenzo ezijoliswe ekuncedeni omnye okanye abantu abangaphezu kwamanye - iimpawu ezifana nokunceda, ukuthuthuzela, ukwabelana kunye nentsebenziswano."
Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuziphatha elivela kwiminyaka yee-1970 kwaye laziswa ngabafundi bezentlalo njengengqungquthela yegama elithi 'ukuziphatha kakubi.'
Yintoni Ekhuthaza Ukuziphatha?
Ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kuye kwadala kwakha umngeni kwizentlalo zenzululwazi ezifuna ukuqonda ukuba kutheni abantu bebandakanyeka ekuncedeni iimpawu ezinokubaluleka kwabanye, kodwa zibiza kakhulu kumntu owenza isenzo. Kwezinye iimeko, abantu baya kubeka ubomi babo emngciphekweni ukuze bancede abanye abantu, kuquka nabo abangaziwayo ngokupheleleyo. Kutheni abantu bangenza into enceda omnye umntu kodwa anganikeli ngenzuzo ngokukhawuleza kumenzi?
Iingcali zengqondo zibonisa ukuba kukho izizathu ezibangela ukuba abantu bahlanganyele ekuziphatheni komzimba.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuziphatha okunjalo kukhuthazwa ebuntwaneni nasekukhuleni njengabantu abadala bakhuthaza abantwana ukuba bahlanganyele, benze ngobumnene, bancede abanye.
Iingqapheli zengqondo zivame ukuchazela ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo ngokwemiqathango yokukhethwa kwendalo. Kucacile ukuba ukubeka ukhuseleko lwakho kwingozi kwenza kube lula ukuba uza kuphila ukuze udlule kwiijethi zakho.
Nangona kunjalo, imbono yokhetho lwamazinyo lubonisa ukuba ukunceda amalungu eentsapho zakho zofuzo kwenza kube lula ukuba isihlobo sakho siya kusinda kwaye sidlulele kwiijethi kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Abaphandi baye bakwazi ukuvelisa ubungqina bokuba abantu baninzi banokubanceda abo bahlobene nabo.
Isiqhelo sokuphindaphinda sichaza ukuba xa abantu benza into enceda omnye umntu, loo mntu uziva ephoqelekile ukuba ancede ekubuyeleni. Okubalulekileyo, ukunceda abanye kuthetha ukuba banokusinceda ngokubuyisela. Esi siqhelo siphuhlisiwe, izazi zengqondo zengqungquthela zibonisa ukuba abantu abaye baqonda ukuba ukunceda abanye bangakhokelela ekuthandeni ububele babenokwenzeka ukuba baphile kwaye bavelise.
Ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kubonakala kubanyanzeliswa yimibandela ethile kubandakanya izizathu ezizimeleyo (ukwenza izinto ukuphucula umzobo-mfanekiso), iintlawulo ezilungelelaniso (ukwenza into enhle kumntu ukuze kubekho olunye usuku lokubuyisela), kunye nezizathu ezingakumbi (ukwenza izenzo kuphela ngenxa yenceba ngomnye umntu).
Iimpembelelo Zemeko Kwizenzo Zokuziphatha
Iimpawu zolu meko zinokuba nefuthe elinamandla nokuba ngaba abantu bathatha inxaxheba kwizenzo zengqesho.
Umphumo wokumelana nenye yeyona mizekelo ephawulekayo yendlela imeko enokuchaphazela ngayo iimpawu zokuziphatha. Isiphumo sokumela sibhekisela ekutheni abantu bangabi ncitshiswa ukuba bancedise umntu osizini xa kukho nabanye abantu abaninzi.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ulahla isikhwama sakho kunye nezinto ezininzi ziwela phantsi, amathuba okuba umntu ayeke kwaye akuncede ukuba wehlise ukuba kukho abanye abaninzi abantu abakhona. Le nto yezinto ezinokuthi zenzeke kwiimeko apho umntu esengozini enkulu, njengokuba umntu ebandakanyeka engozini yemoto. Kwezinye iimeko, amangqina angacinga ukuba kubakho abanye abaninzi abantu abakhona, omnye umntu uya kucela ukuba ancede.
Ukubulawa okubuhlungu komfazi omncinci ogama linguKitto Genovese yilokho eyakhuthaza kakhulu umdla kunye nophando kumphumo wokumelana. Ngowe-1964, uGenosvese wahlaselwa njengoko esondela kwindlu yakhe ekuhambeni kwakhe emsebenzini evela ekupheleni komsebenzi ubusuku obunye. Ugwazwe waza wahamba elele ecaleni kwendlela. Wabiza uncedo kunye neengxelo kamva wabonisa ukuba abaninzi abamelwane bakhe bakuva ukukhala kwakhe kodwa akazange bacele uncedo okanye bazama ukuphazamisa ukuhlaselwa okwaba malunga nemizuzu engama-30. Ummelwane wagcina ekubiza amapolisa, kodwa uGenvese wafa ngaphambi kokufikelela esibhedlele.
Ibali lavelisa umdla omkhulu kumphumo wokumamela kunye nokuqonda ukuba kutheni abantu banceda kwezinye iimeko kodwa kungengabanye, kwaye iingcali zifumene iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zeemeko ezichaphazelayo (kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ziphazamisa) ukuziphatha okuqhubekayo.
- Okokuqala, abantu abaninzi abakhoyo banciphisa inani loxanduva lwabantu abavakalelwa ngayo kwimeko. Oku kwaziwa njengokwahlukana koxanduva .
- Abantu bahlala bejonga abanye ukuba bangayiphendula njani kwiimeko ezinje, ngokukodwa ukuba isiganeko siqulethe inqanaba lokungahambi kakuhle. Ukuba akukho mntu ubonakalayo uyasabela, ngoko ke abantu abanako ukuphendula kwakhona.
- Ukwesaba ukugwetywa ngamanye amalungu eqela lidlala indima. Abantu ngamanye amaxesha bayesaba ukuxhamla ukuncedwa, kuphela ukufumanisa ukuba uncedo lwabo alufunwa okanye aluvumelekanga. Ukuze ugweme ukugwetyelwa ngabanye ababukeleyo, abantu bavele bathathe isenzo.
ULantane noDarley bacebise ukuba izinto ezinhlanu ezibalulekileyo kufuneka zenzeke ukuze umntu athathe inyathelo. Umntu kufuneka:
- Phawula oko kwenzekayo
- Cacisa isiganeko njengongxamiseko
- Ukuva iimvakalelo
- Kholelwa ukuba banezakhono ukunceda
- Yenza ukhetho oluqinileyo lokunika uncedo
Ezinye izinto ezinokunceda abantu banqobe isiphumo sokumelana nokuquka ulwalamano lobuqu kunye nomntu onesidingo, enezakhono nolwazi lokubonelela ngoncedo, kunye novelwano kulabo abasweleyo.
Ukuziphatha ngokuBambisana kunye nokuHlanganisa
I-Altru maxa wambi ibonakala njengendlela yokuziphatha, kodwa ezinye iingcali zibonisa ukuba kukho imigaqo ehlukile. Nangona ukuziphatha okubonakalayo kubonakala njengoluhlobo lokuziphatha ekuncedeni ekugqibeleni linika ezinye iinzuzo kuye, ukuguquka kubonwa njengendlela ecocekileyo yokuncedisa ngaphandle kokukhathalela umntu onesidingo.
Abanye bathi, ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ukuphindaphindiwe kwimizekelo emininzi yokwenza izinto okanye ukuba abantu baziphathe ngokungazenzisi ngenxa yezizathu zobugovu, ezifana nokufumana abanye ukuba bazuze okanye bazive beziva kakuhle.
> Imithombo:
Batson, i-CD Altruism kunye nokuziphatha okuqhubekayo. EG. Lindzey, D. Gilbert, & ST Fiske, I-Handbook ye-Social Psychology . ENew York: McGraw Hill.
Latane, B., noDarley, J. 1970. Ummeli ongenakuphendula: Kutheni engancedi? ENew York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.