Indima ye-Classical Conditioning in Taste Aversions
I-conditioning aversion iquka ukuphepha kokutya othile emva kwexesha lokugula emva kokudla ukutya. Ezi zintshukumo ngumzekelo omhle wendlela yokubeka imeko yeklasi ingabangela ukuba utshintsho kuziphatha, nangona emva kwesiganeko esisodwa sokugula.
Ulungelelwa njani ukuNqabela umsebenzi wokuSebenza?
Ngaba uye wagula emva kokutya into kwaye kamva wafumanisa ukuba ukucinga nje kokwenza ukutya kwakwenza uzive ukhululekile?
Lo ngumzekelo omhle wento edla ngokubhekiselwe kuyo njengento enesimo sengqondo.
I-conditioning aversion ifumaneka xa kudla isidlo silandelwa ukugula. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba uthe wadla i-taco isidlo sasemini waza wagula, unokuphepha ukutya i-tacos kwixesha elizayo nangona ukutya okudliwayo kwakungekho ulwalamano nokugula kwakho.
Ngoxa kubonakala ngathi kulindeleke ukuba siphephe ukutya okuye kwandelwa ngokukhawuleza ngokugula, uphando lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kokutya kunye nokuqala kwesi sifo akudingeki ukuba kwenzeke kunye. Iimeko ezinamatheko ezinokuthi zinokuphuhliswa nangona kukho ukulibaziseka kwexesha phakathi kokungathathi hlangothi (ukutya ukutya) kunye nokuvuselelwa okungekho (ukugula kugula).
Kwiimeko zokufunda , ukulungiswa kokutya okusemgangathweni yimizekelo yokufunda kwetyala elilodwa. Ifuna enye ibhanqa ye-stimulus yangaphambili yokungathathi hlangothi kunye nefuthe elingenakunqunyulwa ukuseka nokuphendula ngokuzenzekelayo.
Imizekelo yeZenzo zokuHlekisa
Cinga ukuba useholide uze udle inkukhu enchilada kwindawo yokutyela. Iiyure emva kokutya i-enchilada, uya kugula kakhulu. Kwiminyaka emva kweso siganeko, unganakho ukuzondla inkula enchilada kwaye unokuba unyawo olugqithiseleyo xa uphelelwa ukutya okukukhumbuza ngesitya esithile.
Le meko yintsikelelo yenzeka ingenzeka nangona uyazi ukuba isigulo sakho asixhunyiwe ekudleni into ethile. Enyanisweni, unokwazi ngokucacileyo ukuba uthathe igciwane lesisu esiswini esivela kumnye umntu ohamba naye oye wagula iintsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kohambo.
Ezi zilungelelaniso zengqondo ziqhelekile kwaye zingaphelela iintsuku ukuya kwiminyaka emininzi. Khawucinge ngeendlela zakho zokutya ezithile. Ngaba unokudibanisa ukuphazamiseka kwakho kwezinto ezithile kwixesha lokugula, ukunqanda, okanye isicasuliso? Abantu banokufumanisa ukuba bayaziphepha iintlobo ezithile zokutya iminyaka kuphela ngenxa yokuba badla loo nto ngaphambi kokuba bagula.
Ukuqonda Ukunciphisa Amanqaku
Ngaba unako ukunambitha ukuphazamiseka kwenzeke ngokubini kwaye ngokungazi ? Kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu abanokungaqondi ngokupheleleyo isizathu esingaphantsi kokungathandi kwabo uhlobo lokutya. Kutheni le miba yenzeke, ingakumbi xa siqaphela ngokucacileyo ukuba ukugula kwakungabandakanywa nokutya okuthile?
Njengoko usenokuba uqaphele, ukulungelelaniswa kwesimo sengqondo ngumzekelo omhle wezinye iindlela eziphambili ze-classical conditioning.
- I-stimulus yangaphambili (ukutya) idibene ne-stimulus engaxhaswanga (ugula), okukhokelela kwimpendulo engavumelekanga (ukugula ukugula).
- Emva kokubambisana kwexesha elilodwa, i-stimulus yangaphambili (ukutya) ngoku ivuselelwe imimiselo eyenza impendulo engummiselo (ukuphepha ukutya).
Ngaba zonke ezo zikhoyo ezi zinto zihambelaniswe ngentsingiselo? Njengoko usenokuba uqaphele, imeko echazwe ngasentla ayifanelekanga ngokulinganayo okulindelekileyo kumgangatho wesimo.
Okokuqala, imeko yenzeke emva kokubambisana okungahambisani nokungathathi hlangothi kunye ne- stimulated (UCS). Njengoko unokukhumbula kwakhona ukusuka kwizifundo zakho ze-classic conditioning, ixesha eliphakathi kwe-stimulus ne-UCS lidla ngokuba ngumcimbi wemizuzwana.
Kwimeko yesimo sokukhwabanisa, ixesha elidlulayo kaninzi lilingana neeyure eziliqela.
Nangona kubonakala ngathi kuphule imimiselo eqhelekileyo yokumisa imeko yeklasi, abaphandi baye bakwazi ukubonisa imiphumo yenkcazo yokulungelelanisa kwisimo sokuhlola. Kwesinye isilingo esinjalo, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uJohn Garcia sondla ngamanzi ahlambulukileyo (i-stimulus yangaphambili). Kwiiyure ezimbalwa kamva, iiliti zazingeniswa ngento (i-UCS) eyabenza abagula. Kamva, xa iingcongolo zanikezwa ngamanzi anqabileyo, bavuma ukusela.
Ukucacisa Umgangatho wokuTyekwa
Ngenxa yokuba uphando lukaGarcia lwaluphikisana nento eyiqondwa ngaphambili malunga nesimo sengqondo, abaninzi abanokholo kwengqondo babengaqinisekanga kwiziphumo. UPavlov wayecebise ukuba nayiphi na inkanuko yokungathathi hlangothi inokubangela impendulo. Ukuba oko kwakuyinyaniso, kuba kutheni ukuba iimvakalelo zokugula zidibaniswe nokutya okwadliwayo iiyure ngaphambilana? Ngaba isifo esingazange sidibaniswe nento eyenzekayo ngaphambi kokuba iimpawu zenzeke?
"Ukwahlukana kwemilinganiselo ayifani ngokukhawuleza ngaphakathi kwesi sikhokelo senkqubela ye-classic okanye ye-instrumental," kusho uGarcia. "Ezi zintshukumo zikhetha ukhetho lwazo ngaphandle kweminye imiba.
Yintoni uGarcia nabanye abaphandi abakwaziyo ukubonisa ukuba kwezinye iimeko, uhlobo oluthile lokungathathi hlangothi oluchaphazelekayo lusempembelelo kwinkqubo yokumisa imeko. Ngoko kutheni uhlobo lovulo luba lukhulu kangaka kwimeko ethile?
Enye inxalenye yenkcazo ikhona kwingcamango yokulungiswa kwezinto eziphilayo . Okubalulekileyo, phantse yonke imimandla yendalo isetyenziselwe ukudala imibutho ethile phakathi kwezinto ezithile.
Ukuba isilwanyana sidla ukutya kwaye siyagula, kubalulekile ukuba kubakho ukuhlala kwezilwanyana ukuphepha ukutya okunjalo esikhathini esizayo. Le mibutho ihlala ifunekayo ukuze iphile, ngoko akumangalisi ukuba bayakha kalula.
ILizwi
Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zineempembelelo ezinamandla ekuziphatheni. Njengoko imimiselo yenkanuko ibonisa ngokucacileyo, ngamanye amaxesha ukufunda kungakwenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphela kwetyala elilodwa. Ngexesha elizayo xa ufumana ukuphepha ukutya okuthethile, cinga indima enokuthi ingavumelani nayo ingadlala ngokungafuniyo loo nto.
> Imithombo:
> Garcia, J., Ervin, FR, & Koelling, RA Ukufunda ngokulibaziseka ixesha elide lokuqiniswa. I-Psychonomic Science, 1966; 5: 121-122.
> Garcia, J. & Koelling, RA Uhlobo lwesiphakamiso ngenxa yokufunda ukuphepha. I-Psychonomic Science, 1966; 4: 123-124.
> Weiten, W. Psychology: Ezohlukeneyo. Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth; 2007.