Ziyifumana njani iiNtetho ezintsha?
Ukufunyanwa kubhekisela kwizigaba zokuqala zokufunda xa kuphunyezwa impendulo. Kwiimeko zokufunda , zibhekisela kwithuba apho ukuvuselela kuvela ukukhupha impendulo .
Khawucinge ngePavlov yeklasi yokulinga ngeenja. Ngokudibanisa ukunikezwa kokutya ngezwi lesithoni, uPavlov wakwazi ukunyanzela izinja ukuba zenze isandi.
Isigaba apho izinja zaqala ukugxila kwisandi yithuba lokufumana.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani?
Ukufumana kwenzeka njani? Kwiimeko zesigaba, ukuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiweyo kwe- stimulus (CS) kunye ne-stimulus inculus (UCS) ekugqibeleni kukukhokelela ekufuneni. Khumbula, i-stimulus engenakuncedwa yinto evakalayo evusa ukuphendula okungekho mfuneko (UCR). Emva kokudibanisa i-CS kunye ne-UCS ngokuphindaphindiweyo, i-CS yodwa iza kuza kuphendula impendulo, eyaziwa ngoku njengempendulo ehambelanayo (CR).
Ngethuba lokufumana, ukuvuselelwa kwesimo kunye nokuvuselelwa okungekho mfuneko kubambisana ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukudala umbutho. Izibini ezidibeneyo zifunwa, kodwa inani lezilingo ezifunekayo lingahluka kuye kuxhomekeke kwinto efundwayo. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba ufundisa inja ukwesaba isandi se-rattlesnake. Olu hlobo lokufunda luya kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza njengoko isilwanyana sinokubongwa ukuba senze umbutho onjalo.
Ngenxa yoko, ukufunyanwa kuya kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kunokuba ufundisa inja yakho ukudlala. Amandla omphendulwano olumiselweyo aya kuqhubeka ukwandisa ukuya kwinqanaba elithile ngaphambi kokuba liqale ukulinganisa.
Xa umbutho phakathi kwe-CS kunye ne-UCS sele isungulwe, impendulo kuthiwa ifunyenwe.
Kule ngongoma, ukuziphatha kusoloko kuqiniswa ukuqinisa umbutho.
Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba ufundisa ijuba ukuba lifake iqhosha xa usenza intsimbi. Ekuqaleni, ubeka ukutya kwisitshixo uze uzwise itoni ngokufanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba i-pigeon ibambe iqhosha. Emva kweemvavanyo eziliqela, ijuba liqala ukukhupha iqhosha xa liva itoni, ithetha ukuba ufumene ukuziphatha. Ukuba unqine ukuqinisa ukuziphatha kweli nqanaba, intaka iya kukhawuleza ingene ekusebenzeni, kwaye ukuphela kwayo kuya kwenzeka. Ukuba uqhubeka uqinisa umbutho phakathi kwentsimbi kunye nokutya, impendulo iya kuba namandla ngakumbi.
Ziziphi Izinto Ezichaphazela Ukuzuza?
Inani lezinto ezinokuchaphazela indlela yokufumana ngokukhawuleza. Okokuqala, ubuchule be-stimulus ekhutshwe ngolu hlobo lungadlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ukuba i-CS ingabonakali, umfundi akanako ukuyiqonda ngokwaneleyo ukuba idibaniswe ne-stimulus engaxhaswanga. I-Stimuli ebonakalayo ngokuqhelekileyo ibangela ukuba kufumaneke ngokukhawuleza.
Umzekelo, ukuba uqeqesha inja ukuba igxile kwisandi, ukufunyanwa kuya kuba nzima ukuba isandi sibonakala kwaye singalindelekanga. Isandi sensimbi siya kuvelisa umphumo ongcono kunokuba ithoni ephumlileyo okanye isandi esingahambiyo esilwa rhoqo nesilwanyana.
Okwesibini, ixesha lidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ukuba kukho ukulibaziseka okukhulu phakathi kwenkcazo ye-stimulus efakwe kwiimeko kunye nokuvuselelwa okungafunwa, umfundi akanako ukwenza umbutho phakathi kwezi zibini. Indlela eyona ndlela iphumelelayo kukubonisa iS CS kwaye ngokukhawuleza uvelise i-UCS ukwenzela ukuba kukho ukungafihli phakathi kwezi zibini. Njengomthetho, ukulibaziseka okukhulu phakathi kwe-UCS kunye ne-CS, ukufumana ixesha elide kuya kuthatha.