UClack Hull wayengumgqirha wezengqondo owaziwa ngoluvo lwakhe lokuqhubela phambili kunye nophando malunga nokukhuthaza abantu. Ngokufundisa kwakhe, uHull wayenempembelelo kwezinye iinzululwazi ezaziwayo nezichaphazelekayo kuquka uKenneth Spence, uNeal Miller noAlbert Bandura.
Ngo-2002 usetyenziso lwezinye zeengcali zengqondo zentsholongwane yenkulungwane ye-20, u-Hull ubhalwe njengowesi-psychologist esicatshulwa kakhulu.
Funda kabanzi ngobomi bakhe, umsebenzi wakhe, kunye neminikelo enkundleni yengqondo.
Eyaziwa kakhulu
- Inkcazo yokunciphisa iDrayivu
- Ukuziphatha
- Uphando nge-hypnosis
Ukuzalwa nokufa
- UClark Hull wazalwa ngoMeyi 24, 1884 eAkron, eNew York.
- Wafa ngoMeyi 10, 1952 eNew Haven, Connecticut.
Obomi bakwangoko
Ubomi bokuqala bukaClark Leonard Hull bubekwe uphawu lokugula. Wazalelwa eNew York waza wakhuliswa kwifama yasemaphandleni eMichigan. Imfundo yakhe yasekuqaleni yenzeke kwiziko leklasi elinye, apho wayeya kufundisa khona unyaka owodwa emva kokugqwesa ngaphambi kokuqhubeka esikolweni kwi-Alma Academy. Emva kokugqitywa kwi-academy, imfundo yakhe yabambezeleka ngenxa yonyaka ngenxa yesifo esinzima somkhuhlane we-typhoid.
Xa wayeneminyaka engama-24 ubudala, wafumana isifo sepholio waza waba ngumzimba ongapheliyo emlenzeni wakhe, wamshiya ethembele kwi-iron brace kunye nekrakra ukuhamba. Ekuqaleni wayecwangcise ukufunda ubunjineli, kodwa iimpilo zakhe zempilo zamkhokelela ekubeni aguqulele iimfuno zakhe kwingqondo.
Nangona iimeko zakhe zempilo ezihluphekileyo nezemali zaye zaphazamisa ezininzi kwimfundo yakhe, ekugqibeleni wazuza i-deghelor's and degrees's master degrees kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan. Ngomnyaka we-1918, wanikwa iFPD yakhe. evela kwiYunivesithi yaseWisconsin-Madison.
Umsebenzi kaHull kunye neNkcazo
Emva kokugqiba i-Ph.D. yakhe, uHull wahlala eYunivesithi yaseWisconsin-Madison ukufundisa.
Ngeli xesha, waqala ukuphanda ukulinganisa nokuchazwa kokufaneleka kwaye wapapasha incwadi yakhe yokuLinga ukuVikela ngo-1928.
Ngomnyaka we-1929, wathatha isikhundla kwiYunivesithi yaseYale apho wayeya kuqhubeka nokusebenzela lonke umsebenzi wakhe. Waba ngenye yeengcali zengqondo zokuqala zokufunda i- hypnosis . Ngeli xesha, waqala ukuhlakulela oko ekugqibeleni abe yindlela yakhe yokuziphatha. UHull wavakalisa iingcinga kunye nophando lwabaninzi beengcamango kuquka uCharles Darwin, Ivan Pavlov , uJohn B. Watson kunye noEdward L. Thorndike .
Njengabanye abaziphatha, uHull wayekholelwa ukuba yonke indlela yokuziphatha ingachazwa ngemimiselo yeemeko. Ngokutsho kwe-Hull yokunciphisa i-theory, i-biological deprivation yenza izidingo. Ezi zidingo ziqalise ukuqhuba iimoto eziza kukhuthaza ukuziphatha. Ukuziphatha okubangelwa yiinjongo-ezijoliswe kuyo, ekubeni ukufezekisa ezi ncediso kwiinjongo zokuphila kwendalo.
UHull wathonywa nguDarwin kwaye wayekholelwa ukuba inkqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yaba nefuthe kule mizila kunye neziphumo zokuziphatha. Wacetyisa ukuba ukufunda kwenzeke xa ukuqiniswa kweendlela zokuziphatha kwenza ukuba kuhlanganiselwe uhlobo oluthile lwezidingo zokusinda.
Ngokomzekelo, iimfuno ezisisiseko ezifana nokulamba kunye nokunxanela kubangela ukuba izilwanyana zifune ukwaneliseka kwezi zidingo ngokutya nokusela.
Ezi mqhubi zinciphisa okwethutyana. Yilo lokunciphisa imoto eyenza ukuqiniswa ukuziphatha. Ngokutsho kweHull, ukuziphatha kuyisiphumo sokusebenzisana okuqhubekayo kunye nobunzima bezinto kunye nommandla.
Iminikelo kwiNgingqi ye-Psychology
Inkolelo yokunciphisa i-Hull yecandelo yenkcazo yasebenza njengengqungquthela yokufunda eyayinceda ekukhuthazeni umsebenzi omnye ngabaphandi. Ngokomzekelo, uMiller noDollard basebenzisa i-theory ye-basicory ngokubanzi ngokubanzi ukubandakanya ukufunda nokuziphatha. Nangona kunjalo, bacebise ukuba ukukhuthaza i-stimuli kwakungekho imfuneko yokuba ihlangane neemfuno zokuphila zendalo.
UClark Hull uphinde waba nefuthe kwezinye iinzululwazi zengqondo. Waba ngenye yeengcali zeengqondo ezikhankanywe rhoqo kwii-1940 nee-1950. Ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwengqondo kwee-1960s, iingcamango zakhe zineempembelelo eziphambili kwiingqondo ze-American.
Wacetyisa nabafundi abathweswe iziqu abaye benza igalelo elikhulu kwizengqondo ezibandakanya uNeal Miller, OH Mowrer, uCarl I. Hovland kunye noKenneth Spence. Nangona iincwadana zakhe ezikhethiweyo ziye zahluleka ukunyusa ingqondo, ukugxininiswa kwindlela yokuzama ukubeka umgangatho ophezulu kubaphandi bexesha elizayo.
Iincwadi ezikhethiweyo
Hull, C. (1933). I-Hypnosis kunye neZingcebiso: Indlela yokuhlola . ENew York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Hull, C. (1943). Imigaqo yokuziphatha . ENew York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Hull, C. et al. (1940). I-Mathematico-Intsholongwane eDeductive of Rote Learning . INew Haven, NJ: I-Yale University Press.
> Imithombo
Hothersall, D. (1995). Imbali ye-Psychology, 3rd ed. ENew York: i-Mcgraw-Hill.
Hull, C. (1943). Imigaqo yokuziphatha. ENew York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Miller, N. & Dollard, J. (1941). UkuFunda kunye nokuLingisa. INew Haven, NJ: I-Yale University Press.
Schrock, J. (1999). Clark L. Hull.
ISpence, KW (1952). UClark Leonard Hull: 1884-1952. I-American Journal ye-Psychology, 65 (4), 639-646.