Indlela yokugweba ingasetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukuziphatha
Ukuhlwaywa ligama elisetyenziswe kwisimo esisebenzayo ukubhekisela kuyo nayiphi na utshintsho eyenzeka emva kokuziphatha okunciphisa amathuba okuba ukuziphatha kuya kuvela kwakhona kwixesha elizayo. Nangona ukuqinisekiswa okulungileyo kunye nokungalunganga kusetyenziselwa ukwandisa ukuziphatha, isohlwayo sigxile ekunciphiseni okanye ekupheliseni iimpawu ezingafunekiyo.
Isohlwayo sivame ukudideka ngokuphosakeleyo kunye nokuqiniswa kakubi .
Khumbula, ukuqiniswa rhoqo kwandisa amathuba okuziphatha kwaye isohlwayo sinciphisa amathuba okuziphatha.
Iintlobo Zezohlwayo
Umntu oziphatha ngayo uBF Skinner , isazi sengqondo sokuqala esichaza isimo sokusebenza, safumanisa iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zesistim esingazisebenzisa njengesijeziso.
- Isohlwayo esifanelekileyo : Olu hlobo lwesigwebo luyaziwa nangokuthi "isohlwayo ngesicelo." Isijeziso esifanele siquka ukubonisa ukuvuselela emva kokuziphatha. Ngokomzekelo, xa umfundi ekhuluma ngokujika phakathi kweklasini, utitshala unokumngcaza umntwana ukuba amphazamise.
- Ijeziso esibi : Olu hlobo lwesigwebo luyaziwa nangokuthi "isohlwayo ngokususwa." Isohlwayo esichaphazelekayo kukubandakanya ukususa into enqwenelekayo emva kokuziphatha. Ngokomzekelo, xa umfundi ovela kumzekelo wangaphambili uthetha ngokuphindaphindiweyo, utitshala uyatshela ngokukhawuleza umntwana ukuba uya kulahleka ukuyeka ngenxa yokuziphatha kwakhe.
Ngaba Ukugwetywa Ngokufanelekileyo?
Nangona isijeziso sinokusebenza kwezinye iimeko, usenokucinga ngemimiselo embalwa xa isijeziso singanciphisi ukuziphatha. Intolongo ngumzekelo omnye. Emva kokuthunyelwa entolongweni ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho, abantu bahlala beqhuba ubugebengu xa bekhutshwa entolongweni.
Kutheni ukuba isijeziso sibonakala sisebenza kwezinye iimeko, kodwa kungekhona kwabanye?
Abaphandi baye bafumana ezininzi izinto ezibangela ukuba isijeziso esilungileyo seemeko ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, isohlwayo sinakho ukukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuziphatha xa kulandela ukuziphatha ngokukhawuleza. Izivakalisi zentolongo zidla ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenzeke, olunokukunceda ukuba uchaze ukuba kutheni abantu baye ejele akusoloko kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuziphatha okubi.
Okwesibini, isijeziso siphumelela iziphumo ezinkulu xa zisetyenziswa rhoqo. Kungaba nzima ukulawula isohlwayo rhoqo emva kwexesha ukuziphatha kwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, abantu bahlala beqhuba ukuqhuba umda wokukhawuleza emva kokufumana ithikithi elikhawulezayo. Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba ukuziphatha kungenangqiqo.
Isijeziso sinokungaphumeleli okuphawulekayo. Okokuqala, nayiphi iinguqu zokuziphatha ezibangelwa ukuhlwaywa zihlala zisesigxina. "Ukuziphatha okusohlwayo kuya kuvela emva kokuba imiphumo yesigwebo isuswa," u-Skinner wachaza kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Ngokuziphatha."
Mhlawumbi inkulu kakhulu into yokuba isijeziso asiyi kunika nayiphi na ingcaciso malunga nokuziphatha okufanelekileyo okanye okufunayo. Nangona izifundo zingase zifunde ukwenza izinto ezithile, azifundanga nantoni na malunga nokuba zifanele zenze ntoni.
Enye into ekufuneka uyiqwalasele ngesijeziso kukuba ingaba nemiphumo engavumelekanga kwaye engathandekiyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngelixa ama-75 ekhulwini yabazali e-United States babika ukuba baphawula abantwana babo ngezinye izihlandlo, abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba olu hlobo lwesigwebo senyama lungakhokelela ekuziphatheni okubi, ukungacaluli kunye nokungaziphathi kakubi phakathi kwabantwana. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, i-Skinner kunye nezinye iingcali zengqondo zibonisa ukuba nayiphi na i-short-term gain from the use of punishment as a toolkit change tool is to weigh again the long-term consequences.
> Imithombo:
> Gershoff, ET (2002). Ukuhlawuliswa ngabazali kunye nokuziphatha kwabantwana okubandakanya kunye namava: Uhlalutyo lweemeta kunye nokuhlaziywa kwengxelo. I-Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539-579.
> Skinner, BF (1974). Malunga nokuziphatha. ENew York: i-Knopf.