Iingcamango ezibalulekileyo ezibini eziphambili kwi-Psychology
Iimeko eziqhelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kwazo zizinto ezibalulekileyo ezibalulekileyo kwiingqondo zengqondo. Nangona zombini ziphumo ekufundeni, iinkqubo zihluke kakhulu. Ukuqonda indlela nganye yezi ndlela zokuguqulwa kokuziphatha ezingasetyenziselwa ngayo, kubalulekile ukuba uqonde ukuba imeko yeklasi kunye nesimo sokusebenza sehluke njani komnye.
Masiqale ngokujonga ezinye zezona ntlukwano ezisisiseko.
Uhlobo lweClassical Conditioning
- Eyokuqala ichazwa nguIvan Pavlov, isazi sezilwanyana zaseRussia
- Ukubandakanya ukubeka uphawu olungathathi hlangothi ngaphambi kokuba ucinge
- Ugxininisa ekuziphatheni okungazibandakanyeki, ukuziphatha okuzenzekelayo
Isimo sokuSebenza
- Okokuqala kuchazwe nguBF Skinner, isazi sengqondo seMerika
- Ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kokuqiniswa okanye isohlwayo emva kokuziphatha
- Ugxila ekuqiniseni okanye ekunciphiseni ukuziphatha okuzithandela
Indlela yokuHlaliswa kweClassical Works
Nangona awuyena umfundi weengqondo, mhlawumbi uvile ngeenja zikaPavlov . Kwimisebenzi yakhe edumile, u- Ivan Pavlov waphawula ukuba izinja zaqala ukukhawuleza ngokuphendula ithoni emva kokuba isandi sasiqhathaniswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokubonisa ukutya. UPavlov waqaphela ngokukhawuleza ukuba le yindlela eyimpendulo eyayifunyenwe kwaye yaqhutyelwa ukuqhubela phambili yophando kwinkqubo yokumisa imeko.
Inkqubo ye-classic yinkqubo ebandakanya ukudala umbutho phakathi kokuvuselela ngokwemvelo kunye nokungathathi hlangothi ngaphambili.
Izandi zidideka, kodwa masiphule phantsi:
Inkqubo yeklasi yokwenza imeko iquka ukudibanisa i-stimulus yangaphambili (njengengxolo yentsimbi) kunye nefuthe elingenanto (intle yokutya).
Ukuvuselela okungafunekiyo ngokwemvelo kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo kubangela ukukhawuleza njengokuphendulwa kokutya, okubizwa ngokuba yimpendulo engenakunqunyulwa .
Emva kokudibanisa ukungathathi hlangothi kunye ne-stimulus engavumelekanga, isandi sensimbi yedwa iya kuqala ukuphakamisa ukukhawuleza njengempendulo. Isandi sensimbi siyaziwa nje ngokuba sisistim kunye nesigxina ekuphenduleni insimbi iyaziwa njengempendulo efanelekileyo.
Ngoko cinga inja eyancipha xa ibona ukutya. Isilwanyana senza ngokuzenzekelayo. Akudingeki ukuba aqeqeshwe ukwenza lo msebenzi; kwenzeka nje ngokwemvelo.
Ukutya kukuvuselela ngokwemvelo. Ukuba uqale ukubethelela intsimbi rhoqo xa unikezela inja ngokutya, umbutho wawuza kwenziwa phakathi kokutya kunye nentsimbi. Ekugqibeleni intsimbi yedwa, i-aka i-stimulated form, yayiza kuphakamisa impendulo ye-salivation.
Isimo sokufunda ngokwemveli singaphezulu nje kwegama elisisiseko elisetyenziswe ukuchaza indlela yokufunda; inokuchaza nokuba zininzi iindlela zokuziphatha ezinokuchaphazela impilo yakho. Cinga indlela umkhuba omubi onokuwenza ngayo. Nangona usebenze kwaye udla ngokuphilileyo, ubusuku bokudla ngokutya kuqhubeka nokunciphisa imizamo yakho yokutya.
Ngombulelo kwimeko yokufundela, ungase uhlakulele umkhwa wokuya ekhitshini kwintlanzi rhoqo ixesha loshishino lufika ngelixa ukhangele inkqubo yakho yothando.
Nangona ikhefu loshishino lalingenakuvuthwa ngokungathathi hlangothi, ukudibanisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye ne-stimulus engenakunqwenelekayo (ukuba ne-snack edibeneyo) kuye kwaguqula iirhweba zibe yinto ekhuthazayo. Ngoku ngoku xa ubona ithengiselwano, unqwenela unyango oluhle.
Indlela yokuSebenzayo yokuSebenza isebenza
Isimo sokusebenza sigxile ekusebenziseni ukuqiniswa okanye isohlwayo ukunyusa okanye ukunciphisa ukuziphatha. Ngalolu hlobo, umbutho uqulunqwe phakathi kokuziphatha kunye nemiphumo yendlela yokuziphatha. Umzekelo, cinga ukuba umqeqeshi uzama ukufundisa inja ukuba athathe ibhola. Xa inja iphumelela kwaye iyakuthabatha ibhola, inja ifumana indumiso njengomvuzo.
Xa isilwanyana sihluleka ukufumana ibhola, umqeqeshi unqanda ukudumisa.
Ekugqibeleni, inja yakha umbutho phakathi kokuziphatha kwakhe kokuthatha ibhola nokufumana umvuzo oyifunayo.
Ngomnye umzekelo, khawucinge ukuba uthisha ujezisa umfundi ukuba athethe ngokungavuyi umfundi ukuba ahambe ngaphandle ukuze ahambe. Ngenxa yoko, umfundi udala umbutho phakathi kokuziphatha (ukuthetha ngokukhawuleza) kunye nesiphumo (ukungabi nako ukuphuma ngaphandle ukuze ufikelele). Ngenxa yoko, ukuziphatha okunzima kunciphisa.
Uninzi lwezinto ezinokuchaphazela ngokukhawuleza impendulo efundwayo kunye namandla okuphendula. Kwimizuzu emininzi impendulo eqinisekisiweyo, eyaziwa njengehedyuli yokuqiniswa , inokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindlela yokufunda ngokukhawuleza kunye nendlela impendulo ithatha ngayo. Uhlobo lwe-reinforcer elisetyenzisiweyo lunokuchaphazela impendulo.
Umzekelo, ngelixa i -shedyuli ye-variable-ratio iya kubangela ukuphendula okuphezulu kunye nokunyaniseka, ishedyuli yexesha eliguqukileyo iya kukhokelela kwisantya esicothayo nesigxina.
Ukongezelela kokusetyenziswa ukuqeqesha abantu kunye nezilwanyana ukuba bahlanganyele ekuziphatheni ezintsha, imeko yokusebenza ingasetyenziselwa ukunceda abantu baqede abantu abangafunekiyo. Ukusebenzisa inkqubo yembuyekezo kunye nezohlwayo, abantu banokufunda ukunqoba imikhwa emibi enokuba nefuthe elibi kwimpilo yabo njengokubhema okanye ukutya ngokutya.
Ukwahlukana Phakathi kobuGcisa beClassical and Operating Conditioning
Enye yeendlela ezilula ukukhumbula ukungafani phakathi kwesimo sokuqala kunye nesimo sokusebenza kukuba kugxininise nokuba ngaba ukuziphatha kungenakuzikhethela okanye kukuzithandela.
Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya ukudibanisa impendulo engabonakaliyo kunye nefuthe, ngelixa imeko yokusebenza imalunga nokuziphatha ngokuzithandela kunye nesiphumo
Kwimeko yokusebenza, umfundi uphinde avuzwe ngokukhuthaza, ngelixa iimeko eziqhelekileyo zingabandakanyi izilingo ezinjalo. Kwakhona, khumbula ukuba imeko yeklastiki ayifuni kwisabelo somfundi, ngelixa imeko yokusebenza ifuna ukuba umfundi athathe inxaxheba kwaye enze uhlobo oluthile lwenyathelo ukuze avuzwe okanye ajeziswe.
Ukusebenza kwimeko yokusebenza, isihloko kufuneka sibonise kuqala ukuziphatha okuya kuhlawulwa okanye kuhlwaywe. Iimeko eziqhelekileyo, ngenye icala, kubandakanya ukudala umbutho kunye nolu hlobo lwesiganeko esenzeka ngokuqhelekileyo.
Namhlanje, imeko yesibini kunye nesimo esisebenzayo sisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo ngabafundisi, abazali, iingqondo zengqondo, abaqeqeshi bezilwanyana kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kwiimeko zesilwanyana, umqeqeshi angasebenzisa imeko yeklasi ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokukhawulela isandi sokucofa ngokutya. Ekugqibeleni, isandi sokuqhosha kuphela siza kuqala ukuvelisa impendulo efanayo ukuba intla yokutya iya kuba.
Kwimeko yokufundela eklasini, utitshala angasebenzisa imeko yokusebenza ngokunikela amathokheni njengomvuzo wokuziphatha kakuhle. Abafundi banokuthi bajike kule mibhokheni ukuba bafumane uhlobo oluthile lomvuzo olunjengophatha okanye ixesha lokudlala elongezelelweyo. Kwimeko nganye yezi ziko, injongo yokumisela imeko kukuvelisa uhlobo olutshintsho lokuziphatha.
ILizwi
Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zezimo kunye nesimo sokusebenza zizinto zombini ezibalulekileyo zokufunda ezivela kwi-psychology yokuziphatha. Nangona ezi zimbini zeemeko zikwabelana ngezinto ezifanayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ezinye zeengxaki eziphambili ukuze kulungiswe kakuhle indlela efanelekileyo kwiimeko ezithile zokufunda.
> Imithombo:
> McSweeney, FK & Murphy, ES. I-Wiley Blackwell Handbook ye-Operant ne-Classical Conditioning. Oxford: John Wiley & Son; 2014.
> Nevid, JS. Izinto ezibalulekileyo zeengqondo: Iingcamango kunye nezicelo. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth; 2012.