Uphando lwexesha elide luhlobo lophando oluhambelanayo olubandakanya ukukhangela iinguqu kwixesha elide. Olu hlobo lwesifundo lunokuthi lwenzeke kwixesha leveki, iinyanga, okanye neminyaka. Kwezinye iimeko, izifundo ezide zingaphila iminyaka emininzi.
Ixesha elide loPhando lusebenza njani
Uphando lwexesha elide lisetyenziselwa ukufumana ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezingafaniyo ezinxulumene nemimandla eyahlukileyo yemvelaphi.
Olu cwangciso lophando olubandakanyekayo luquka ukufundisisa iqela elifanayo labantu ngexesha elide.
Idatha iqokelelwa kuqala ekuqaleni kweso sifundo, kwaye inokuthi ihlanganiselwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo lonke ubude besifundo.
Ngokomzekelo, khawucinge ukuba iqela labaphandi linomdla wokufunda indlela uqeqesho olunexesha eliphakathi lungaba nomthelela kwimpilo engqondweni njengabantu abadala. Abaphandi bacinga ukuba abantu abanamathuba amaninzi kwiminyaka yabo engama-40 kunye no-50 abaya kuba baninzi amathuba okuba bahlaselwe ingqondo kwi-70s kunye ne-80.
Abaphandi bafumana iqela labathathi-nxaxheba abaphakathi kwabo-40 ukuya kuma-50s okuqala. Baqokelela idatha ehambelana nendlela abafanelekileyo abafanelekileyo ngayo abathathi-nxaxheba, ngaba bahlala beqeshwe kangakanani kwaye baqhuba njani kakuhle kwiimvavanyo zokusebenza kwengcamango. Ngexesha elidlulileyo kwiklasi yophando, abaphandi baqokelela umhla omnye kubathathi-nxaxheba ukulandelela amanqanaba omsebenzi kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo.
Izinto ezimbalwa eziphambili zokukhumbula ngezifundo ezide:
- Zijonge kwiimeko
- Zihlobo lophando lobudlelwane
- Uphando lwexesha elide luhlala luhluke nophando olunqamlezileyo
- Uphando olude lubandakanya ukuqokelela idatha ngexesha elide, ngokuphindaphindiweyo iminyaka okanye kwamashumi eminyaka
- Uphando olunqamlezileyo luquka ukuqokelela idatha ngexesha elinye
IiNzuzo zoPhando olude
Ngoko kutheni inzululwazi inokukhetha ukuqhuba uphando olude? Kwiintlobo ezininzi zophando, izifundo zexesha elide zinika ingqiqo ekhethekileyo engenakwenzeka ngezinye iindlela zophando.
Inzuzo yolu hlobo lophando kukuba ivumela abaphandi ukuba bajonge utshintsho kwixesha. Ngenxa yoko, iindlela ezide zisebenzisekile xa zifunda uphuhliso kunye nemicimbi yokuphila.
Umzekelo wendlela lo uphando olunokusetyenziswa ngayo kubandakanya izifundo ezide zijonga ukuba amawele afanayo aphakanyiswayo kunye nawahlukileyo ahluke kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Abaphengululi balandela aba bathathi-nxaxheba besuka ebuntwaneni baba ngabantu abadala ukuba bajonge indlela ukukhula kwimihlaba eyahlukileyo kuchaphazela izinto ezifana nobuntu nokuphumelela.
Ukususela kuba abathathi-nxaxheba bahlanganyela ngokwawo ufuzo olufanayo, kucingwa ukuba akukho nantlukwano ngenxa yemeko yendalo . Abaphandi banokubheka ukuba ngaba bathathi-nxaxheba bafana njani xa bahluke khona ukubona ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ezichaphazeleke kakhulu kwi-genetics okanye namava.
Ngenxa yokuba izifundo zexesha elide zenzeka kwixesha leminyaka (okanye kwamashumi eminyaka), zinokuba luncedo kakhulu xa zijonge utshintsho kuphuhliso ngexesha.
Abaphandi bangasebenzisa olu hlobo lophando ukuze baqalise ukulandelelana kweziganeko xa bejonga inkqubo yokuguga.
Iingqimba zoPhando olude
Kukho iingenelo ezibalulekileyo zokuqhuba uphando olude, kodwa kukho neengxaki ezingenakuthatyathwa.
I-Longitudinal Studies ingaba yindleko
Nangona kunjalo, ukufundwa kwexesha elide kudinga ixesha elide kwaye kaninzi libiza. Ngenxa yoko, ezi zifundo zihlala zineqela elincinci lezifundo, okwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa iziphumo kubantu abaninzi. Enye ingxaki kukuba abathathi-nxaxheba ngamanye amaxesha bayeke ukufundisisa, behla isayizi yesampula kwaye banciphise inani leenkcukacha eziqokelelweyo.
Abathathi-nxaxheba bathumela ukuLahla ngaphandle kwexesha
Olu tyekelo lwabanye abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba banakho ukuyeka ukufundisisa luyaziwa njengendlela yokukhetha . Kulo mzekelo ukhankanywe ngasentla, abathathi-nxaxheba bangaphuma ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Abanye bangasuka kuloo ndawo ngelixa abanye balahlekelwa yinto efanelekileyo yokuthatha inxaxheba. Abanye banokungena kwindlu ngenxa yokugula okanye ubunzima obuhlobene nobudala, kwaye abanye abathathi-nxaxheba baya kudlula ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutywe isifundo.
Kwezinye iimeko, oku kungakhokelela kwisigxina se-attrition kunye nokuchaphazela iziphumo zesifundo sexesha elide. Ukuba iqela lokugqibela alisayi kubonakalisa isampuli esimeleyo yesimangalo , lo mboniso ungasongela ukuqinisekiswa kovavanyo. Ukuqinisekiswa kubhekiselele ukuba ingaba uvavanyo okanye awuyi kuvanya ngokuchanekileyo oko kuthethwa ukuba ukulinganisa. Ukuba iqela lokugqibela labathathi-nxaxheba alisisampuli esimeleyo, kunzima ukuzalisa iziphumo kubo bonke abantu.
Iintlobo zoPhando olude
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zezifundo ezide:
- Isifundo sePhaneli : Ukubandakanya isampula isigaba somntu ngamnye.
- Isifundo soLuntu: Ukubandakanya ukukhetha iqela elisekelwe kwisiganeko esithile njengokuzalwa, indawo okanye indawo yamava.
- Isifundo sokubuyela emva: Ukubandakanya ukukhangela kwixesha elidlulileyo ngokujonga iinkcukacha zembali ezifana neirekhodi zonyango.
Isifundo seLanga elide kunazo zonke
Isifundo sexesha elide kunazo zonke sehlabathi sisesifundo seGenetic Studies of Genius, esibizwa ngokuba yiSigan Study of the Gifted. Olu qaliso lwaqala ngowe-1921 ngu-psychologist Lewis Terman ukuphanda indlela abantwana abaneengqondi abahlakulela ngayo.
Uphononongo luqhubeka nanamhlanje, nangona isampuli yesantya sele ikhula kakhulu. Uphando lwalo lwaba nxaxheba abangaphezu kwe-1 000, kodwa elo nani lanciphise ukuya kuma-200 ngo-2003. Abanye abathathi-nxaxheba baquka inzululwazi u-Ancel Keys kunye no-psychologicalist psychology u-Lee Chronback. Abaphandi bacwangcise ukuqhubela phambili isifundo kuze kube yilapho umncedisi wokugqibela ehla okanye efa.
> Imithombo
Christmann, EP, & Badgett, JL (2008). Ukutolika Iinkcukacha zoVavanyo. NTSA Press; 2008.
Gratton, C., & Jones, I. I. (2004). Iindlela zokwenza uphando lwezemidlalo. ELondon: uRoutledge; 2004.
Leslie, M. (2000). Ilifa elixakekayo likaLee Terman. Stanford Magazine.