Amanqanaba okuphucula ukuziphatha
Abantu bahlakulela njani ukuziphatha? Lo mbuzo ukhwankqise abazali, iinkokeli zonqulo kunye neengcali zefilosofi kangangeminyaka, kodwa ukuphuhlisa ukuziphatha kuye kwaba yinkqutyana yokutshintshisa kwimeko yesibini yengqondo kunye nemfundo. Ngaba iimpembelelo zabazali okanye zentlalo zidlala indima enkulu ekuphuculeni ukuziphatha? Ngaba bonke abantwana bahlakulela ukuziphatha ngokufanayo?
Enye yeengcamango eziyaziwayo ngokuphangela ezinye zezi mibuzo ezisisiseko zenzelwe yingcali yeengqondo egama linguLawrence Kohlberg.
Umsebenzi wakhe waguqulwa waza wandisa umsebenzi wangaphambili weJean Piaget ukudala i-theory echaze indlela abantwana bahlakulela ngayo ukuqiqa ngokuziphatha.
UPiaget uchaze inkqubo yokuphuhlisa ukuziphatha ngokubaluleka kwimizuzu emibini ngenkqubela yeKohlberg yokuphuhliswa kokuziphatha ichazwe ngamanqanaba amathandathu kumanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo. U-Kohlberg wongezela inkolelo kaPiaget, ephakamisa ukuba ukuphuhliswa kokuziphatha kuyinkqubo eqhubekayo eqhubekayo yonke imihla.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inkolelo kaKohlberg igxekwa njengeyona-centric-centric ne-bias kubantu (ngokuyinhloko wasebenzisa izifundo zophando zoluntu) kunye nokuba nombono omncinci wehlabathi ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo zexabiso eliphezulu kunye neembono.
I-Heinz Dilemma: Indlela yeKohlberg kwiSifundo soBungqina bokuziphatha
I-Kohlberg isekelwe ingcamango yakhe kwinqanaba leengxaki zokuziphatha zanikwa aba bathathi-nxaxheba kwaye baxoxwa nodliwano-ndlebe ukuba baqikelele ukuqiqa ngenxa yezigwebo zabo kwimeko nganye.
Omnye umzekelo wawuthi "uHeinz ulahla iMichiza." Kule meko, umfazi unomhlaza kunye noogqirha bakhe bakholelwa ukuba esinye isiyobisi singasindisa. Esi sidakamizwa sasifunyenwe yi-pharmist wendawo kwaye wakwazi ukukwenza i-$ 200 nganye nge dose kwaye uyithengise i-$ 2,000 ngeqondo ngalinye. Indoda yowesifazane, u-Heinz, inokunyusa i-$ 1,000 kuphela ukuyithenga isiza.
Wazama ukuxoxisana ne-pharmist ngexabiso elincinci okanye ukunyuswa kwekhredithi ukuyihlawula ixesha elide. Kodwa ikhemistiya wenqaba ukuyithengisa nayiphi na enye okanye iyamkele iintlawulo ezingenamkhethe. Ukubuyiselwa, u-Heinz waphula endaweni yekhemisi waza wayiba isilwanyana ukuze asindise umfazi wakhe. UKohlberg wabuza, "Ngaba umyeni kufanele enze oko?"
U-Kohlberg wayengenomdla kakhulu kwimpendulo yokubuza ukuba uHeinz wayephosakele okanye ulungile kodwa kwisigqibo kwisithatha ngasinye. Iimpendulo zabekwahlula kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zokuqiqa kwiingcamango zakhe zokuphuhlisa ukuziphatha.
Inqanaba 1. Ukuziphatha kwangaphambili
Isigaba sokuqala sokuphuhliswa kokuziphatha, ukuthobela kunye nokujeziswa kuqhelekileyo kubantwana abancinci, kodwa abantu abadala banakho ukubonisa olu hlobo lokuqiqa. Kule nqanaba, uKohlberg uthi, abantwana babona imithetho njengoko ichanekileyo kwaye iphela. Ukuthobela imithetho kubalulekile kuba kuyindlela yokuphepha isilwa.
Kwi-individuism kunye nokutshintshiselwa kwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa kokuziphatha, abantwana bajonga iingcamango zomntu ngamnye kunye nezenzo zejaji ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni kwabo ngabanye. Kwiingxaki ze-Heinz, abantwana baxela ukuba i-course yezenzo ezona zikhethileyo yinto ekhethekileyo eyayikunceda izidingo zikaHeinz.
Ukulungelelaniswa kunokwenzeka kule nkalo ekuphuculweni kokuziphatha, kodwa kuphela xa kusebenza iziqu zomntu.
Umgangatho wesi-2
Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa "inkwenkwe enhle yentombazana", ulwalamano olusenyongweni lokuphuhlisa ukuziphatha lujolise ekuhlaleni ngokubhekiselele kulindeleke kuluntu kunye neendima . Kugxininiswa ekuhambelaneni, ekubeni "kuhle," kunye nokuqwalasela indlela ukhetho oluchaphazela ngayo ubudlelwane.
Eli nqanaba lijolise ekugcinweni kwenkqubo yoluntu. Kule nqanaba lophuhliso lokuziphatha, abantu baqala ukuqwalasela uluntu ngokubanzi xa besenza izigwebo. Ugxininiso lokugcina umthetho kunye nokulandelwa ngokulandela imithetho, ukwenza umsebenzi kunye nokuhlonipha igunya.
Umgangatho 3. I-Postconventional Morality
Iingcamango zesitrakthi sentlalo kunye namalungelo ngamnye kubangela abantu kwicandelo elilandelayo ukuba baqale ukuphendula kwiimilinganiselo ezahlukeneyo, izimvo kunye neenkolelo zabanye abantu. Imithetho yomthetho ibalulekile ukugcina uluntu, kodwa amalungu omphakathi kufuneka avume kule miqathango.
Inqanaba lokugqibela le-Kohlberg lokuqiqa ngokuziphatha lisekelwe kwimigaqo yokuziphatha kunye neengqiqo. Kule nqanaba, abantu bayayilandela le migaqo yangaphakathi yomthetho, nangona iphikisana nemithetho nemithetho.
Iingcamango zeKohlberg's Theory of Developmental Morality:
Inkolelo kaKohlberg ixhala ngeengcinga zokuziphatha, kodwa kukho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokwazi oko sifanele sikwenze ngokubhekiselele kwizenzo zethu zangempela. Ngoko ke, ukuqiqa ngokuziphatha, akunakho ukukhokelela kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Le ngenye yezinto ezininzi zokugxekwa kweengcamango zikaKohlberg.
Abagxeki baye bachaza ukuba i-Kohlberg imfundiso yokuphuhliswa kokuziphatha igxininisa ingcamango yobulungisa xa senza ukhetho lokuziphatha. Izinto ezinjengefesane, ukunyamekela kunye nezinye iimvakalelo ezingabonakaliyo zingadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekucingeni ukuziphatha.
Ingaba inkolelo kaKohlberg igxininisa ifilosofi yaseNtshona? Iikhowudi zodwa zigxininisa amalungelo omntu ngenkqubela iinkcubeko zixinzelele ukubaluleka koluntu noluntu. EMpuma, iinkcubeko zamaqela ezihlangeneyo zinokuba neendlela ezahlukileyo zokuziphatha ukuba i-Kohlberg ingcamango ayicingi.
Ingxaki yeKohlberg iyasebenza? Uninzi lwabafundi bakhe babengabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-16 ababengazange bafumane umtshato. Ingxaki ye-Heinz kungenzeka ukuba yayingabonakali kakhulu kubantwana ukuba baqonde, kwaye imeko echaphazelekayo kwiimeko zabo zemihla ngemihla ingakhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukileyo.
Abagxeki bakaKohlberg, kuquka uCarol Gilligan, bacebise ukuba inkolelo kaKohlberg yayingenalucalulo ngokobulili ekubeni zonke izifundo ezikwisampuli zazingamadoda. U-Kohlberg wayekholelwa ukuba abafazi bafuna ukuhlala kwinqanaba lesithathu lokuphucula ukuziphatha ngenxa yokuba bagxininisa ngakumbi kwizinto ezifana nobuhlobo boluntu kunye nentlalontle yabanye.
UGilligan waphakamisa ukuba inkolelo kaKohlberg igxininisa iingcamango ezifana nobulungisa kwaye ayikwazi ukulungisa ngokwaneleyo iingcinga zokuziphatha ezisekelwe kwimigaqo kunye nokuziphatha ngokunyamekela nokukhathalela abanye.
> Imithombo:
> Snarey J, Samuelson P. "Imfundo yokuziphatha kwimigaqo yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo." KwiLP Nucci kunye noDarvaez (Eds.), INcwadi yeZenzo zokuziphatha kunye neNkcubeko (iphe. 53-79), eNew York: uRoutledge 2008.
> Gilligan C. Kwizwi elihlukile: Iingcali zeengqondo kunye noPhuhliso lweeMpawu . I-Cambridge: I-University of Harvard Press; 2016.
> Kohlberg L. Ibango kwiMilinganiselo yokuziphatha koMgangatho ophezulu kunazo zonke weSahlulelo sokuziphatha. Journal of Philosophy , 1973 70 (18), 630-646.