Ukubaluleka kweebhondi zangaphambili
Ikhonkco yokunamathisela ibhekiselele ubudlelwane kunye nezibophelelo phakathi kwabantu, ngakumbi ulwalamano lwexesha elide, kuquka abo phakathi komzali nomntwana kunye phakathi kwamaqabane omtshato.
Indlela iTheory Attachment yenziwe ngayo
Isazi sengqondo sengqondo saseBrithani uJohn Bowlby sasiyinto yokuqala yokuthintela i-theorist, ichaza isinamathiselo "njengento edibeneyo yengqondo phakathi kwabantu."
I-Bowlby yayinomdla ekuqondeni ukuxhalaba kunye nokukhathazeka okwenziwa ngabantwana xa behlukaniswe nabaxhasi babo abaziintloko. Ezinye zeengcamango zokuziphatha zokuqala ziphakanyisiwe ukuba isinamathiselo yinto nje yokuziphatha okufundiweyo. Ezi ngcamango zicetywayo ukuba isinamathiselo sasisisiphumo sobudlelwane bokutya phakathi komntwana kunye nomncedisi. Ngenxa yokuba umnakekeli unondla umntwana kwaye unika ukutya, umntwana unamathela.
Yintoni iBirlby ebone ngayo kukuba ukondliwa akuzange kunciphise ukukhathazeka ababenokubantwana xa behlukaniswe nabaxhasi babo abaziintloko. Endaweni yoko, wafumanisa ukuba isinamathiselo ibonakaliswe ngokuziphatha okucacileyo nokuziphatha. Xa abantwana bekwesaba, baya kufuna ukusondela kumncedi wabo oyintloko ukuze bafumane intuthuzelo kunye nokunakekelwa.
Ukuqonda isiXhobo
Isiqhotyoshelwano sibophelelane nomnye umntu.
I-Bowlby ikholelwa ukuba izibophelelo zokuqala ezenziwe ngabantwana abanonophelo babo zinempembelelo enkulu eqhubekayo ebomini. Wacetyisa ukuba isinamathiselo sinceda ukugcina umntwana usondele kumama, ngaloo ndlela kuphucula amathuba omntwana okusinda.
Wayejonga ukubambisana njengemveliso yenkqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Nangona iingcamango zokuziphatha zenkqonkqo ziphakanyisiwe ukuba isinamathiselo yinkqubo efundwayo, iBilllby kunye nabanye bacetyiswa ukuba abantwana bazalwe nge-drive ye-innate ukuze baqhotyoshelweyo kunye nabanonophelo.
Kuyo yonke imbali, abantwana abahlala besondelene nomfanekiso wokuqhotyoshelweyo babengenako ukufumana induduzo kunye nokukhuselwa, ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukuba basinde baze babe ngabantu abadala. Ngendlela yokhetho lwendalo, inkqubo ekhuthazayo eyenzelwe ukulawula isinamathiselo esakhulayo.
Ngoko yintoni enqumene nesinamathiselo esiyimpumelelo? Abaziphatha bazibonisa ukuba kwakukho ukutya okwabangelwa ukwenza lo msebenzi wokunamathisela, kodwa uBoblby nabanye babonisa ukuba ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokuphendula kwakuyizigqibo eziphambili zokuqhotyoshelweyo.
Umxholo oyintloko womnxeba wokuqhotyoshelweyo kukuba abantwana abanonophelo abasemgangathweni abakhona kunye nokuphendula iimfuno zeintsana bavumela umntwana ukuba akhuphe umqondo wokhuseleko. Iintsana ziyazi ukuba umnakekeli unokwethenjelwa, okudala isiseko esiphephile somntwana ukuba ahlolisise ihlabathi.
"Isimo esinzima"
Ngophando lwakhe lwama-1970, isazi sezengqondo uMary Ainsworth sandisa kakhulu umsebenzi wokuqala waseBilllby. Ukuxubusha kwakhe "Isimo esinqabileyo" sifunde imiphumo enzulu yokuxhamla kwiindlela zokuziphatha.
Kulo cwaningo, abaphandi baphawula abantwana abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-12 neye-18 njengoko bephendule kwimeko apho bashiywe yedwa baza bahlangana kunye noomama.
Ngokusekelwe kwimpendulo abaphenyi abayibonile, i-Ainsworth ichaze iindlela ezintathu eziqhotyoshelweyo zokuqhotyoshelweyo: uqhotyoshelweyo oluqhotyoshelweyo, uqhotyoshelweyo olukhuselekileyo nolunqandekileyo olukhuselekile. Kamva, abaphandi abaPhezulu kunye noSolomon (1986) bongeza isitayela sesine sokuqhagamshelana esibizwa ngokuba yi-disorganized-insecure attachment based on their own research.
Uninzi lwezifundo ukususela ngelo xesha lisekela izitayela ze-Ainsworth kwaye zibonise ukuba izitayela zokuncedisa nazo zinempembelelo ekuziphatheni kamva ebomini.
Izifundo zokuSweleka koMama
Uvavanyo lukaHarry Harlow oluthathekayo ngokunyanwa kwabazali kunye nokuzihlalisa abantu ngexesha le-1950 kunye neye-1960 kwakhona lihlolisise izibophelelo zangaphambili. Kwisiqendu sezilingo, uHarlow wabonisa indlela ezinxulumene ngayo kunye nefuthe elinamandla abanalo ekuziphatheni nasekusebenzeni.
Ngenye inguqulelo yokuzama kwakhe, iilhesus ezizalwayo ezisandul 'ukuzalwa zahlukana noomama babo abazalelwa kwaye zikhuliswe ngabamama. Iimvana ezinsana zafakwa emagumbini kunye noomama beesile. Enye yeenkawu zentambo zenza ibhotile apho i-intsana yintsana yayinokufumana ukutya, ngelixa enye inkunzi yecingo yayigubungele idayiti.
Ngelixa iintsana ezintsana ziya kumama wocingo ukuba zifumane ukutya, zachitha ixesha elininzi lweentsuku zazo kunye nonina onobuqhophololo. Xa bekwesaba, iintsana ziza kubuyela kumama wazo ogqoke iingubo ukuze zithuthuzele kwaye zikhuseleke.
Umsebenzi kaHarlow wabonisa ukuba ukuqhotyoshela kwangaphambili kwaba ngumphumo wokufumana induduzo kunye nokunakekelwa ngumncedisi kunokuba nje umphumo wokutya.
Amanqaku okuQinisa
Abaphandi uRudolph Schaffer kunye noPeggy Emerson bahlalutya inani lezonxibelelwano ezinxulumene neentsana ezenza isifundo sexesha elide kunye neentsana ezingama-60. Iintsana zigcinwe rhoqo kwiiveki ezine ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, kwaye kwakhona kwakhona kwiinyanga ezili-18. Ngokusekelwe kwimibono yabo, uSchaffer noEmerson bachaze iinkalo ezine ezihlukeneyo zokunamathisela, kuquka:
- Isigaba sokuqhotyoshelweyo: Kususela ekuzalweni ukuya kwiinyanga ezintathu, iintsana azibonisi nantoni na into ethile kumncedisi othile. Izimpawu zomntwana, ezifana nokukhala nokukhwaza, ngokwemvelo ukutsala ingqalelo yomnakekeli kwaye iimpendulo zentsana ezikhuthazayo zikhuthaza umncedisi ukuba ahlale esondele.
- Ukukhetha okunamathiselweyo: Ukususela kwiiveki ezintandathu ukuya kwiinyanga ezisixhenxe, iintsana ziqala ukubonisa ukunyamekela kwabagcini-nkulu nabasekondari . Ngethuba lesigaba, iintsana ziqala ukuhlakulela umva wokuthembela ukuba umnakekeli uya kuphendula iimfuno zabo. Ngelixa baza kwamkela ukunakekelwa kwabanye abantu, baba ngcono ekuhlukaniseni phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo nabangaqhelekanga njengoko besondela kwiinyanga ezisixhenxe. Baphinda baphendule ngakumbi ngokunyanisekileyo kumkhathaleli oyintloko.
- Ukuchasana nokuqhotyoshelweyo: Ngeli nqanaba, ukusuka kwiinyanga ezi-7 ukuya kweenyanga ezilishumi elinanye, iintsana zibonisa ukunqamana okunamandla kunye nokhetho lomntu othile. Baya kubhikisha xa behlukaniswe nomfanekiso wokuqhotyoshelweyo oyintloko ( ukuxhalabisa uxhala ), kwaye uqale ukubonisa uxhalabo kubantu abangaziwayo (uxinzelelo lwangaphandle).
- Iziqhotyoshelo ezininzi: Emva kweenyanga ezili-9 ubudala, abantwana baqala ukwakha izibophelelo ezinzulu kunye nabanye abanonophelo ngaphaya komlinganiselo wokuqhotyoshelweyo oyintloko. Oku kufuthi kubandakanya uyise, abadala kunye nabakhulu.
Izinto ezithintekayo
Nangona le nkqubo ingabonakala ingqalileyo, kukho ezinye iimeko ezinokuchaphazela njani kwaye nini na izikhonkco ziphuhliswa, kubandakanywa:
- Ithuba lokuqhotyoshelweyo: Abantwana abangenayo inqanaba lokunyamekela okuphambili, njengalezo eziphakanyiswe kwiinkedama, bahluleka ukuhlakulela ingqiqo yokwethemba okufunekayo ukwenza ifowuni.
- Ukunyamekela umgangatho: Xa abantwana abanonophelo baphendula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokuqhubekayo, abantwana bafunda ukuba banokuxhomekeka kubantu abanoxanduva lokunyamekela kwabo, esona sisiseko esibalulekileyo sokuqhotyoshelweyo. Le nto ibalulekileyo.
Iipatheni zokuQinisa
Kukho iipateni ezine zokunamathisela, kuquka:
- Ukuqhotyoshela okukhuselekileyo: Ukuncedisa okukhuselekileyo kubonakaliswe ngxinzelelo xa ulwahlula nabanonophelo kunye novuyo xa umnakekeli ebuyela. Khumbula, aba bantwana baziva bekhuselekile kwaye banako ukuxhomekeka kubaxhasi babo abadala. Xa umntu omdala ehamba, umntwana unokucaphukisa kodwa uyaqiniseka ukuba umzali okanye umnakekeli uya kubuya. Xa besoyika, abantwana abanamathelekileyo baya kufuna induduzo kubantu abanonophelo. Aba bantwana bayazi ukuba umzali okanye umnakekeli wabo uya kunika induduzo kunye nokuqinisekiswa, ngoko baziva bekhululekile ekufuneni ngexesha lokufuna.
- Isiqhotyoshelweyo esingabonakaliyo: Abantwana abanamathandabuzo bahlala becinezeleka gqitha xa umzali ehamba. Isitayela soqhotyoshelweyo sithathwa njengesiqhelo, esichaphazela i-7% ukuya kwi-15 ekhulwini yabantwana base-US. Uphando lubonisa ukuba isiqhotyoshelweyo esisisigxina sisiphumo sokufumaneka kwabantwana abasweleyo. Aba bantwana abanakuxhomekeka kumama (okanye umnakekeli) ukuba abe khona xa umntwana eswele.
- Isinamathiselo esiphephekayo: Abantwana abanamathintelo okugwema bathambekele ekukhuseleni abazali okanye abanonophelo. Xa kunikezelwa ukhetho, aba bantwana abayi kubonisa ukhetho phakathi komncedisi kunye nomfo opheleleyo. Uphando lucebise ukuba isalathisi sinokuba ngumphumo wokunyamekela okanye ukunyamekela. Abantwana abajeziswe ngokuthembela kumncedisi baya kufunda ukufuna uncedo kwixesha elizayo.
- Ukuqhotyosheliswa okungahlanjululwayo: Abantwana abanamathelwano angalungelekanga bavame ukubonisa ukudibanisa kokuziphatha kunye kwaye bangabonakala bephazamisekile, bexakekile okanye badideke. Abantwana banako ukuphepha okanye ukumelana nomzali. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba ukungabikho kwendlela yokuqhotyoshela ngokucacileyo kunokuxhomekeke ekuziphatheni okungahambelani nabanonophelo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, abazali banokukhonza njengomthombo wentuthuzelo kunye nomthombo woyika, okukhokelela ekuziphatheni kakubi.
Iingxaki ngeSihlomelo
Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukungaphumeleli kokuqhotyoshelana okukhuselekileyo kwangoko kubomi kunokuba nefuthe elibi ekuziphatheni komntwana osemva nakubomi. I-diagnostic disorder (ODD), i-disorder disorder (CD), okanye i- post-traumatic disorder disorder (PTSD) kaninzi ibonisa iingxaki zokuncedisa, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuxhaphazwa kwangaphambili, ukunganakwa okanye ukuxhatshazwa. Oogqirha bacebisa ukuba abantwana abathotyelwe emva kweminyaka eyi-6 banomngcipheko ophezulu weengxaki zokuncedisa.
Nangona iifayile zokunamathisela eziboniswa ngabantu abadala azifanekiyo nalezo zibonwa kwasebuntwaneni, uphando lubonisa ukuba ukudibanisa kwangaphambili kunokuba nefuthe elibi kwiintsebenziswano zangaphambili. Ngokomzekelo, abo banamathele ngokukhuselekileyo ebuntwaneni banentembelo enhle, ubudlelwane obusondeleyo bokuthandana, kunye nokukwazi ukuziveza kwabanye. Njengabantu abadala, bathambekele ekubeni nobudlelwane obuphilileyo, obonwabileyo nabunaphakade.
Kutheni kubandakanyeka imiba
Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba iipatheni zokudibanisa ezisungulwa ebomini zingakhokelela kwiziphumo eziliqela. Ngokomzekelo, abantwana abaqhotyoshelweyo ngokukhuselekileyo njengabantwana bathambekele ekuhlakuleleni ukuzithemba ngakumbi kwaye banokuzithemba ngakumbi xa bekhula. Aba bantwana nabo banamathele ekuzimeleyo, benza ngcono kwisikolo, babe nolwalamano lwentlalo oluphumelelayo, kwaye banamava okudandatheka kunye nokuxhalaba.
> Imithombo
- > I-MDS, i-Blehar MC, i-Waters E, i-Wall S. Iipatheni zokuqhotyoshelweyo: Isifundo seSengqondo seSimo esinqabileyo. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1978.
- > MDS. Iziqhotyoshelwano kunye nezinye iibhondi ezithintekayo kwi-Cycle Life. Ku: Okufakwe kwiNgcaciso yeCandelo loBomi. Parkes CM, Stevenson-Hinde J, Marris P, eds. ELondon: uRoutledge; 1991: 33-51.
- > Bowlby J. Ubume Bokubopha Kwabantwana KukaMama. Journal International of Psychoanalysis .1958; 39: 350-371.
- > Bowlby J. Okuxhasayo kunye nokulahleka: Umqulu 1 Okuncedisiweyo . Wesi-2. ENew York: iiNcwadi eziSiseko; 1982.
- > Schaffer HR, Emerson PE. Ukuphuhliswa kweziNxulumaniso zeNtlalo kwiNtsana. IiMographie zoMbutho woPhando kwiNtuthuko yabantwana . 1964; 29 (3): 94.