I-Genetic kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo ludlala indima
Kwiimeko ezininzi, uphuhliso olusemva kokubeletha lwenzeka ngokuqhelekileyo kwaye lulandele iipateni zokuphuhliswa ezincinane. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izinto ezinokungahambi kakuhle ngeli xesha, eziqhelekileyo zibangelwa yi-genetics okanye iingxaki zendalo.
Iingxaki zobomi
Njengoko unokucinga, i- genetics idlala indima enkulu ekuphuhliseni. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimeko, iingxaki zemizimba zingakhupha ezinokuchaphazela ukuphuhliswa okwangoku nakwixesha elizayo.
- I-Down Syndrome: Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-trisomy 21, i-Down syndrome yinto engavamile yokuvelisa izakhi zofuzo ngexesha lokukhula kokubeleka. I-Down syndrome ibangelwa ikopi eyongezelelweyo yama-chromosomes angama-21 (oku kuthetha ukuba kukho i-chromosomes ezintathu kuneendlela eziqhelekileyo ezimbini) kunye nefuthe elimalunga no-1 kwabantwana abayi-1 000. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-Down syndrome ziquka iimpawu zobuso eziphathekayo, iimpazamo zentliziyo, kunye nokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Umngcipheko wokuba nomntwana one-Down syndrome ukwandisa ngeminyaka yobudala.
- Izifo ezizuzelelweyo: Izifo ezininzi zingazuzwa njengelifa xa omnye okanye bobabini abazali bephethe isifo sesi sifo. Imizekelo yezifo ezizuze ifa ziquka i-Sickle-cell anemia, i-Cystic fibrosis kunye neTay-Sachs. Iimvavanyo ze-Genetic zinokuthi ziqaphele ukuba ngaba umzali ungumthwali wezityalo zesifo esithile.
- Iingxaki ze-Sex-Chromosome: Iintlobo zeesithathu zeengxaki zemizimba ziquka i-chromosomes yesondo. Ezi ziquka izimo ezifana ne-Klinefelter's syndrome (i-X-chromosome eyongezelelweyo) kunye ne-Turner syndrome (i-X-chromosome enye).
Iingxaki zendalo
Utshintsho olusingqongileyo lunokudlala indima enkulu ekuphuhlisweni kokubeletha . Izinto ezinobungozi ezingqongileyo ezingabangela ukuba umntwana awaziwa njenge- teratogens. Kukho inani leetatatogens ezinokulimaza umntwana, kuquka:
- Ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa kwabaMama: Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ngumama kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kumntwana. Ukubhema kudibaniswa nesisindo sokuzalwa esincinane, esinokubangela i-system immune system, ukuphefumula okungapheliyo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ukusetyenziswa kotywala kunokukhokelela ekuzaliseni i-fetal alcohol syndrome , edibaniswa neziphoso zentliziyo, ukungasebenzi komzimba kunye nokulibala kwengqondo. Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezingekho emthethweni ezifana ne-cocaine kunye ne-methamphetamine kudibaniswa nesisindo sokuzalwa esincinci kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
- Izifo zoMama: Kukho izifo ezithintekayo zomntwana ezingaba nefuthe elibi kumntwana, kuquka i-herpes, i-rubella kunye ne-AIDS. I-Herpes virus yiyodwa yezifo eziqhelekileyo ezibelethwe ngumama kwaye zingadluliselwa kumntwana, ukukhokelela kwisithulu, ukuvuvukala kwengqondo, okanye ukulibala kwengqondo. Abasetyhini abane-virus ye-herpes bavame ukukhuthazwa ukuba bathumele nge-cearean ukuphepha ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane.
Ixesha lokubeletha lixesha lokukhula okukhulu kunye nokukhuseleka okukhulu. Njengoko ubonile, kukho ubuninzi beengozi ezingabangela umngcipheko kumntwana okhulayo. Ezinye zeengozi, ezinjengeengozi zemvelo ezisuka kwi-teratogens kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, zinokuthintelwa okanye zinciphise. Kwamanye amaxesha, iingxaki zobomi zingenakukhutshwa. Kwimeko apho, ukunakekelwa kwangaphambi kokubeleka kunokuncedisa oomama kunye nabantwana abatsha banokujamelana neengxaki ezinokuthi zithathwe ngabafundi.