Ukujonga ngokuthe kratya i-Psychology of Personality Formation
Ubuntu bethu obusenza sibe ngabani, kodwa njani ubuqu bethu bubumba? Ukuphuhliswa komntu kuye kwaba yintloko ebalulekileyo yenzalo kwabanye abalingani ababalaseleyo kwingqondo. Ukususela ekuqalweni kwengqondo njengesazi eyahlukeneyo, abaphandi baye bathetha iindidi ezahlukeneyo ukuze bachaze indlela kunye nokuba kutheni ubuntu bukhula.
Sithetha ntoni xa sithetha ngokuphuhlisa ubuntu? Ukuphuhliswa komntu kubhekisela kwindlela ipatheni yokuziphatha eququzelelwa ngayo ubuntu bomntu ngamnye ovela kwixesha. Zininzi izinto ezichaphazela ubuntu, kubandakanya i-genetics, imvelo, umzali, kunye neentlupheko zentlalo. Mhlawumbi kubaluleke kakhulu, kukusebenzisana okuqhubekayo kwazo zonke ezi mpe mbelelo eziqhubekayo ukubumbela ubuntu phezu kwexesha.
Ukuphonononga ezinye iiNkcazo ezibalulekileyo zoQeqesho lwaBantu
Ubuntu bethu busenza sikhetheke, kodwa ubuntu bukhula njani? Sinokuba njani ukuba siba ngubani namhlanje? Ziziphi izinto ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni ubuntu? Ubuntu bunokutshintsha ?
Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, abaninzi abatshali beemveli bavelisa iikhosi ukuchaza amanyathelo athile kunye nezigaba ezenzeka endleleni yokuphuhlisa ubuntu. Ezi ngcamango zilandelayo zijolise kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso lomntu, kubandakanywa nokuphuhliswa kwengqondo, yentlalo, nokuziphatha.
Izigaba zeFreud zokuPhuculo koSondo
Ukongezelela ekubeni ngenye yeengcamango eziziwayo kakhulu kwindawo yokuphuhliswa komntu, uSigmund Freud uhlala enye yengxabano. Kwimfundiso yakhe yesigaba sokuphuhliswa kwengqondo , uFrud uncetyiswa ukuba ubuntu bukhula kwizigaba ezihambelana nemimandla ethile.
Ukungaphumeleli ukugqiba ezi zigaba, wacetyiswa ukuba, ziza kubangela iingxaki zobuntu ekukhuleni.
Uhlobo lweZakhiwo loLuntu lweFreud
UFrud akazange afundiswe nje ngendlela umntu aphuhlise ngayo ngexesha lobuncinci, kodwa naye wakhula isikhokelo sokuba ubunjani bomntu wonke. Ngokutsho kukaFreud, ukuqhuba ngokubaluleka komntu kunye nokuziphatha kuyaziwa njenge- libido . Amandla amdaka avuthayo amacandelo amathathu awenza ubuntu: id, i-ego kunye ne-superego .
I-ID yimiba yobuntu obukhoyo ngexesha lokuzalwa. Inxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu yobuntu kwaye iqhuba abantu ukuba bazalise iimfuno zabo ezisisiseko kunye nezibongozo. I-ego yinkalo yobuntu obuhlawulweyo ngokulawula izibongozo ze-id kunye nokunyanzelisa ukuba ziphathe ngendlela echanekileyo. I-superego yinkalo yokugqibela yobuntu ukuphuhlisa kwaye iqulethe zonke iinjongo, ukuziphatha kunye nexabiso elithintekayo ngabazali bethu nenkcubeko. Le nxalenye yobuntu izama ukwenza i-ego iphathe ngokuvumelana nale miba. I-ego kufuneka imodareyitha phakathi kweemfuno eziphambili ze-id, imilinganiselo yokucinga ye-superego kunye nenyaniso.
Ingqondo kaFrud ye- id , i- ego kunye ne- superego iye yafumana udumo kwiinkcubeko ezithandwayo, nangona kunqongophala kokuxhaswa kunye nokungathemba okukhulu kubaphandi abaninzi.
NgokukaFreud, zizinto ezintathu zobuntu ezisebenzisanayo ukudala iimpawu zabantu ezinzima.
Amanqanaba ka-Erikson woPhuhliso lwezeNtlalo
I-Erik Erikson ye- eight-stage theory yokuphuhliswa komntu yenye yeengcamango ezaziwa kakhulu kwiingqondo. Ngoxa i-theory yakha kwiinqanaba likaFranud lophuhliso lwengqondo, u-Erikson wakhetha ukugxila kwindlela ulwalamano oluntu oluchaphazela ngayo uphuhliso lomntu. Le ngcamango iphinda idlulise ngaphezu kobuntwana ukujonga uphuhliso kulo lonke ixesha lokuphila.
Kwinqanaba ngalinye lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo, abantu bajamelene neengxaki apho kufuneka kwenziwe umsebenzi.
Abo baphumelela ngokugqiba ngalinye isigaba bavela ngombono wokulawula nokuphila kakuhle. Abo bangayisombululi inkathazo kwinqanaba ngalinye banokulwa naloo nto izakhono eziseleyo ebomini babo.
Amanqanaba kaPiaget woPhuhliso lweCognitive
Ingcamango kaJean Piaget yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo iyahlala enye yezona zinto zichazwe rhoqo kwiingqondo, nangona zixhomekeka kakhulu. Nangona iinkalo ezininzi zeengcamango zakhe azizange zime ukuvavanywa kwexesha, ingcamango ephambili ibalulekile namhlanje: abantwana bacinga ngokuhlukileyo kunabantu abadala.
Ngokutsho kwePiaget, abantwana bayaphumelela ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezigaba ezine eziphawulwe ngenguqu ecacileyo kwindlela abacinga ngayo. Indlela abantwana abaye bacinge ngayo ngokwabo, abanye, kunye nehlabathi elibangqongileyo badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni ubuntu.
Izigaba zoPhuhliso loMgaqo kaKohlberg
ULawrence Kohlberg wavelisa imbono yokuphuhliswa komntu ejolise ekukhuleni kombono wokuziphatha . Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yesibini ephakanyiswe nguPiaget, uKohlberg wandisa le ngcamango ukubandakanya izigaba ezithandathu ezahlukeneyo. Nangona i-theory igxekwa ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukileyo, kubandakanywa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba ingabamkeli abantu abahlukeneyo kunye neenkcubeko ngokulinganayo, inkolelo kaKohlberg ibalulekile kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuba ubuntu bukhula njani.
ILizwi
Ubuntu abubandakanyi nje iimpawu ezingezangezizalwa, kodwa neendlela zokuqonda kunye nendlela yokuziphatha echaphazela indlela abantu bacinga ngayo. Iqhinga liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobuntu obunikwe impawu ezizuze ifa. Ziyimiba yobuntu engenasiphelo kunye nefuthe elihlala njalo ekuphatheni. Umntu ngowomnye umgangatho wobuntu ochaphazelwa ngamava aqhubeka ekhula kwaye atshintshe ubomi. Nangona ubuntu buqhubeka nokuguquka kwixesha kunye nokuphendula kwimpembelelo kunye namava obomi, ubuninzi buntu bunqunywe ziimpawu ezingezantsi kunye namava okuqala abantwana.