Isazi seengqondo seSwitzerland uJean Piaget saphuthukise inkcazo ecacileyo yokuphuhliswa kwabantwana ekhuthaza ukuba abantwana bathuthuke ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezigaba ezine ezibalulekileyo zokuphuhliswa kwengqondo . Icandelo ngalinye liphawulwe ngamashishini ngendlela abantwana abaqonda ngayo kunye nokusebenzisana nehlabathi elibangqongileyo.
Izigaba ezine zoPhuhliso lwengqondo zazibandakanya isigaba sokuqala, ukususela ekuzaleni ukuya kwi-2 ubudala; isigaba sokuqala , ukusuka kwiminyaka yobudala ukuya kwi-7 ubudala; isigaba sokusebenza sekhonkrithi , ukususela kwiminyaka yobudala ukuya kwi-11 kunye nesigaba sokusebenza esisemthethweni , esiqala ekufikeni kwintshukumo kwaye iqhubeka ikhulile.
I Sensorimotor Stage
Le nto yokuqala kwinkolelo kaPiaget yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo. Wachaza eli xesha njengethuba lokukhula okukhulu kunye noshintsho.
Ngethuba lesi sigaba sokuqala sophuhliso, abantwana bafumana ihlabathi kwaye bafumana ulwazi ngeengqondo zabo kunye nemoto. Njengoko abantwana badibanisa kunye neendawo zabo, bahamba ngokumangalisayo kokukhula kwengqondo ngexesha elincinane.
Isigaba sokuqala senkolelo kaPiaget sisusela ekuzalweni ukuya kwi-2 yobudala kwaye isekelwe kwintsana ezama ukwenza ingqiqo yehlabathi. Ngethuba lesigaba, intsana yolwazi lwelo lizwe lucacile kwimibono yakhe yeemvakalelo kunye nemisebenzi yemoto. Iimpazamo zikhawulelwe kwiimpendulo zeemoto ezilula ezibangelwa yimfesane.
Abantwana basebenzisa izakhono kunye nobuchule abazalelwe nabo (njengokujonga, ukunwa, ukubamba, nokuphulaphula) ukufunda kabanzi ngendalo.
Umxholo wokuhlala
Ngokutsho kwePiaget, ukuphuhlisa into yokuhlala isigxina yinto eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekuphunyezweni kwinqanaba lokuphuhlisa. Injongo yokuhlala isigxina kukuqonda komntwana ukuba izinto ziyaqhubeka zikhona nangona zingenakubonwa okanye zivakala.
Cinga umdlalo we-peek-a-boo, umzekelo.
Intsana encinci iya kukholelwa ukuba omnye umntu okanye into echanekile kwaye iya kuphazamiseka okanye iyaxhalaka xa kuvela into. Iintsana ezindala eziqonda into engunaphakade ziya kuqaphela ukuba umntu okanye into iyaqhubeka ikhona nangona ingabonakali.
Iziqendu zeSensorimotor Stage
Isigaba sophawu siyakwazi ukwahlula kwiinqanaba ezi-6 ezihlukeneyo ezibonakaliswe ngokuphuhliswa kwesakhono esitsha:
- I-Reflexes (inyanga eyi-0-1) : Ngethuba le ndawo, umntwana uyaqonda imeko yendalo ngokuzondla ngokuzalwa nokujonga.
- Izimpendulo zeSetyhula eziPhambili (iinyanga ezi-1-4) : Le nxalenye ibandakanya ukuququzelela ukuvakalelwa kunye nezicwangciso ezintsha. Ngokomzekelo, umntwana angamlisela isithupha sakhe ngengozi aze emva koko aphinda ngokuphinda enze isenzo. Ezi zenzo ziphinda ziphindwe ngenxa yokuba umntwana uyabonwabile.
- Iziganeko zeSetyhula zesiSekondari (iinyanga ezine-4-8) : Ngethuba lomhlathi, umntwana ugxininisa ngakumbi kwihlabathi kwaye uqala ngokuphinda ngokuphindaphindiweyo inyathelo ukwenzela ukuqala impendulo kwimeko. Umzekelo, umntwana uya kukhetha ithoyiphu ngenjongo yokuyibeka emlonyeni wakhe.
- Ulungelelaniso lweempendulo (iinyanga ezi-8-12) : Ngethuba le ndawo, umntwana uqala ukubonisa izenzo ezinqwenelayo. Umntwana unokudibanisa i-schemas ukwenzela ukufezekisa umphumo oyifunayo. Abantwana baqala ukuhlola indawo engqongileyo kwaye bahlala bexelisa ukuziphatha kwabanye. Ukuqonda izinto kuqala kwakhona ngeli xesha kwaye abantwana baqala ukubona izinto ezithile njengempawu ezithile. Umzekelo, umntwana unokuqonda ukuba i-rattle iya kwenza isandi xa sishukunyiswa.
- Ukuphendula kweSetyhula ephakamileyo (iinyanga ezili-12-18) : Abantwana baqala ixesha lokuvavanywa kwetyala kunye nephutha ngexesha lesibini. Umzekelo, umntwana angazama izandi ezahlukeneyo okanye izenzo njengendlela yokuqwalasela kumncedisi.
- Ukucinga kwangaphambili (Iminyaka engama-18-24) : Abantwana baqala ukuphuhlisa iimpawu ukumela imicimbi okanye izinto kwihlabathi kwisithuba sokugqibela se-sensor. Ngeli xesha, abantwana baqala ukuhambela ekuqondeni ihlabathi ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi yengqondo kunokuba bafeze ngezenzo.
> Imithombo:
> Piaget, J. (1977). Gruber, HE; Voneche, JJ eds. I-Piaget ebalulekileyo. ENew York: IiNcwadi eziSiseko.
> Piaget, J. (1983). Inkolelo kaPiaget. KuP. Mussen (ed). Incwadi ye-Psychology yabantwana. 4 edition. Vol. 1. I-New York: iWiley.
> Santrock, uJohn W. (2008). Indlela yokuThuthukisa ukuPhuthukiswa koPhuhliso lweeSpanish (4 ed.). Isixeko saseNew York: McGraw-Hill.