Ukufana nokungafani phakathi kukaFreud no-Erikson
Ingcamango kaSigmund Freud yeengqondo kunye no-Erik Erikson yeengqondo zeengqondo zimbini iingcamango eziziwayo eziphuhliso. Nangona wayephethwe yiingcamango zikaFrud, inkolelo ka-Erikson yayihluke kwiindlela eziliqela ezibalulekileyo.
NjengoFrud, u-Erikson ukholelwa ukuba ubuntu bukhula kwinqanaba lamanyathelo amiselwe ngaphambili. Ngokungafani nenkolelo kaFreud yesigaba sengqondo soxhatshazo, inkolelo ka-Erikson ichaza impembelelo yamava oluntu kwiminyaka yonke yokuphila.
Masiqhathanise kwaye sidibanise le mibono emibini ngokujonga ezinye iimpawu eziphambili kunye nokungafani kwinqanaba ngalinye.
Ubudala: Ukuzalwa ukuya ku-1 Unyaka
Iingcamango zombini zentuthuko zijolise ekubaluleka kwamava okuqala, kodwa kukho ukungafani phakathi kweengcamango zikaFreud no-Erikson. I-Freud ijolise ngokubaluleka kokondla, ngoxa u-Erikson wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngabagadi bamagcini abasabelayo kwiimfuno zomntwana.
Izigaba zeFreud zokuPhuculo koSondo
- UFrud wabiza le nqanaba lomlomo.
- Kulo phuhliso ekuphuhliseni, umthombo oyintloko oyinzala yomntwana uphuma emlonyeni ngokusana, ukutya nokutya.
- Iingxaki ngeli nqanaba zinokubangela ukuba uFrud ekubhekiswe kuyo njengendlela yokulungisa ngomlomo.
Amanqanaba ka-Erikson woPhuhliso lwezeNtlalo
- U-Erikson wabiza le ntembelo ngokungaqiniseki .
- Abantwana bafunda ukuthembela okanye ukungabethembi abo banyamekelayo.
- Ukunyamekelwa kwabantu abadala kubonisa ukuba ngaba abantwana bahlakulela le ngqiqo yokuthembela kwihlabathi elibajikelezile.
- Abantwana abangenako ukunyamekela okwaneleyo kwaye banokuthenjelwa banokuba nengqondo yokungathembeki kwabanye kunye nehlabathi.
Ubudala: 1 ukuya ku-3 iminyaka
Nangona kukho inani lokwahlukana phakathi kweengcamango zikaErikson kunye neFrud, iingcamango zabo zombini zijolise kwindlela abantwana abahlakulela ngayo ukuzimela kunye nokulawula.
Uphuhliso lwengqondo:
- UFrud ubizwa ngokuba ngumgangatho wesimo sokukhula.
- Abantwana bafumana ingqondo yokulawula kunye nokukwazi ngokulawula ukunyakaza kwesibindi kunye nokuhamba.
- Abantwana abaphumelelayo kweli nqanaba bavelise umqondo wokukwazi nokuvelisa.
- Abo baneengxaki kweli nqanaba banokuphuhlisa ukulungiswa komntu. Njengabantu abadala, banokuba bahleleke ngokugqithiseleyo okanye badakile.
Uphuhliso lwezengqondo:
- U-Erikson wabiza oku ukuzimela ngokumalunga neentloni kunye nokungathandabuzeki kwinqanaba .
- Abantwana bakhula ngokwaneleyo ngokulawula imisebenzi efana nokutya, ukuqeqesha zangasese, nokuthetha.
- Abo baphumelela kweli nqanaba bavelisa umxholo wokuzimela ngenkqubela abo abazabalazelayo baya kushicilela.
Ama-Ages: iminyaka emi-3 kuya kwe-6
Ngethuba lexesha lokuqala kunye neyokuqala kwiminyaka yokuqala, imfundiso kaFreud yayixhalabele kakhulu indima ye-libido ngelixa i-Erikson ingcamango yayijolise ngakumbi ngendlela abantwana abasebenzisana ngayo nabazali kunye noontanga.
Inkolelo kaFreud:
- I-Freud ebhekiselwe kulo njengesiqendu se-phallic.
- Amandla e-libido agxile kwizitho zangasese. Abantwana baqala ukuchonga umzali wabo wesini nesini.
- Abafana bafumana ubunzima be- Oedipus ngeli xesha amantombazana afumana ubunzima be- Electra .
Inkolelo kaErikson:
- U-Erikson wabiza le nyathelo elichasene nesigaba secala.
- Abantwana baqala ukuthatha ulawulo oluninzi phezu kwendawo yabo.
- Abo baphumelele kweli nqanaba bavelisa ingqiqo yenjongo ngelixa abo banomdla bahlala benemvakalelo yecala.
Iiminyaka: iminyaka emi-7 kuya kwe-11
UFrud wayekholelwa ukuba eli lixesha lisebenza njengenkcitho yenguqu phakathi kobuntwaneni kunye nentsha. U-Erikson, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wayekholelwa ukuba abantwana baqhubeka bakha umqondo wokuzimela kunye nobuchule.
Uphuhliso lwengqondo:
- UFudud ekubhekiswe kulo njengesihlandlo esivumelekileyo.
- Amandla e-libido agxothwa kwaye abantwana bajolise kwezinye izinto ezifana nesikolo, abahlobo kunye nezinto zokuzilibazisa.
- UFrud ukholelwa ukuba le nqanaba ibalulekile ekuphuhliseni izakhono zentlalo nokuzithemba.
Uphuhliso lwezengqondo:
- U-Erikson wabiza eli shishini ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho ongaphantsi .
- Abantwana bahlakulela isakhono sokwazi ngokufunda izakhono ezintsha.
- Abantwana abaphumelelayo kweli nqanaba baqulunqa ukuziqhenya ngokufezekiswa kwabo ngelixa abo bajamelana nomzabalazo banokushiywa bengenakukwazi.
Ubudala: Ubutsha
Ubutsha ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiingcamango zentuthuko kaFreud no-Erikson. Kuzo zombini iingcamango, intsha iqala ukuzakhela ingcamango yazo.
Inkolelo kaFreud:
- I-Freud ebhekiswe kule ngongoma ekuphuhliseni ngocwangco njengesigaba sokulala.
- Abantwana baqala ukuhlola ubudlelwane bomtshato.
- Injongo yale nqanaba kukuphuhlisa umlinganiselo wokulinganisela phakathi kwazo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Abo baphumelele ngokugqibeleleyo amanyathelo okuqala ngoku bafudumele, banononophelo kwaye bahlengahlengiswa kakuhle.
Inkolelo kaErikson:
- U-Erikson wabiza le ngongoma ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo kwengqondo ngokuchasene nendima yokudideka .
- Abantwana bahlakulela ubuni kunye nobuntu.
- Abaselula bahlola iindima ezahlukahlukeneyo, iimvakalelo kunye nokuzibonakalisa njengoko bazihlakulela ngokwabo.
- Abo bafumana inkxaso kunye nokukhuthazwa baya kuvela ngengqiqo ecacileyo yokuba bangobani kwaye bafuna ukufezekisa.
- Abo bazama ukukhupha i-ident identity baya kuhlala bedidekile ngoobani kunye noko bafuna ukukwenza ngobomi babo.
Ubudala: Ubudala
Ingcamango kaFrud igxile ekuphuhliseni phakathi kokuzalwa kunye neminyaka yeshumi elivisayo, nto leyo ibonisa ukuba ubuntu bubekwe kwilitye ukususela ebuntwaneni. U-Erikson, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wathatha indlela yokuphila kwaye wayekholelwa ukuba uphuhliso luqhubeka luya kudala.
Inkolelo kaFreud yoPhuhliso loPhuhliso lwezesondo:
- Iingcamango zikaFrud zijolise kakhulu kwixesha eliphakathi kokuzalwa nokukhula.
- Ngokutsho kukaFreud, isigaba sokuzalwa saso sihlala kulo lonke elidala. Wayekholelwa ukuba injongo kukuphuhlisa umlinganiselo phakathi kwazo zonke iinkalo zobomi.
Inkolelo ka-Erikson yoPhuhliso lwezeNtlalo:
> Imithombo:
> Newman, BM & Newman, PR. UkuPhuhliswa koBomi: Indlela yokuPhathwa kweengqondo. IBoston, MA: UkuFunda kweCengage; 2017.
> Schaffer, DR & Kipp, K. Uphuhliso lwezengqondo: Ubuntwaneni kunye nentsha. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth; 2010.
- Iingcamango ze-Erikons ziquka ezintathu izigaba ezithatha abantu abadala. Ezi zigaba zithathu zi:
Ulwalamano olusondeleyo nolwahlukileyo : Abantu abadala abaselula bafuna uthando lobuhlobo kunye nobudlelwano.
Ukuveliswa kweMvelo nokuThuthukiswa : Abantu abadala abadala baxhasa abanye kunye negalelo kuluntu.
Ukunyaniseka nokuphelelwa lithemba : Abantu abadala abadala bakubonakalisa ngobomi babo, bejonge emva kwendlela yokuzaliseka okanye ukukrakra.