Ukujonga kwiingcinga ezigqithisileyo kwiSythychology
Ububanzi kunye nokuhlukahluka kwezesengqondweni kubonakala ngokujonga njengabanye bacinga abaziwayo. Nangona i-theorist nganye inokuba yinxalenye yesikolo esiphezulu sesicatshulwa, elowo lazisa ilizwi elikhethekileyo kunye nelinye nelinye ingcamango kwinkalo yengqondo.
Uphando oluye lwavela kwiphepha le-Julayi 2002 loVavanyo lwe- General Psychology lwenza ukuba kubekho i- psychologists engama-99 athile kakhulu. Izikhundla zazininzi zisekelwe kwizinto ezintathu: ubukhulu beenkcazo zemibhalo, ukucaphulwa kweencwadi zokuqala, kunye neempendulo zemphenyuka yamalungu angu-1 725 e- American Psychological Association .
Uluhlu olulandelayo lubonelela ngokugqithisileyo kweengcali zengqondo ezahlula kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwiseshoni. Aba bantu abayena nje kuphela abacinga ngokugqithiseleyo kwiingqondo, nabo badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali yengqondo kwaye benza iminikelo ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwabantu.
Olu luhlu aluyilo umzamo wokuchonga ngubani owona mkhulu kunayo okanye isikolo sengcinga esilungileyo. Endaweni yoko, olu luhlu lunikeza uluvo lweminye imibono yezinto ezithintekayo ezithintele ingqondo nje kuphela, kodwa kunye nenkcubeko enkulu.
1 - BF Skinner
I-BF Skinner yokuziphatha ngokumenza yenze i-dominance force in psychology kunye neendlela zokwelapha ezisekelwe kwiingcamango zakhe zisasetyenziswa kakhulu namhlanje, kubandakanywa ukuguqulwa kokuziphatha kunye noqoqosho lwamaqhosha. I-Skinner ikhunjulwa ngenxa yeengcamango zakhe zokusebenza kunye neshedyuli yokuqiniswa .
2 - uJean Piaget
Iingcamango zikaJean Piaget yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo zinefuthe elikhulu kwizengqondo, ngakumbi ukuqonda kwengqondo yokukhula kwabantwana. Uphando lwakhe lunegalelo ekuphuhliseni uphuhliso lweengqondo, ingqondo yeengqondo, i-epistemology yezofuzo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemfundo.
U-Albert Einstein wachaza indlela uPiaget ayibone ngayo ngokukhula kwengqondo kunye neenkqubo zokucinga njengento efunyenwe "into elula nje kuphela ukuba ingqiqo yayingayicinga ngayo."
3 - Sigmund Freud
Xa abantu bacinga ngeengqondo, abaninzi banokucinga ngoSigmund Freud . Umsebenzi wakhe wuxhasa inkolelo yokuba zonke izifo zengqondo zinezizathu zenyama kwaye wanikela ubungqina bokuthi ukungabikho kwenkcubeko kunempembelelo kwingqondo kunye nokuziphatha. Umsebenzi wakhe kunye nemibono yaba negalelo ekuqondeni kwethu ubuntu, i- psychology yengqondo , ukuphuhliswa kwabantu, kunye nengqondo engavamile .
4 - Albert Bandura
Umsebenzi ka-Albert Bandura uthathwa njengengxenye yenguqu yokuqonda kwengqondo eqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960. Iingcamango zakhe zokufunda ezentlalo zigxininise ukubaluleka kokufunda , ukulinganisa kunye nokwenza imodeli.
"Ukufunda kuya kuba nzima kakhulu, kungabonakali ngengozi, ukuba abantu bafanele bathembele kuphela kwimiphumo yezenzo zabo ukuba baxelele ukuba benze ntoni," uBurura wachaza kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Incwadi ye-Social Learning Theory" ngo-1977.
5 - uLeon Festinger
ULeon Festinger wavelisa iingcamango zokuxilongwa kwengqondo kunye nokuthelekiswa kwentlalo. Ukuxilongwa kwengqondo yimeko yokuxhalabisa xa ufumana iinkolelo ezimbini eziphikisanayo. Unokutshaya nangona uyazi ukuba kuyingozi kwimpilo yakho. Ingcamango yakhe yokuqhathanisa nentlalo ithi uhlola iingcamango zakho ngokuzifanisa nantoni na abanye abantu bakholelwa. Unokuphinda ufune abanye abantu ababelana ngeenkolelo kunye neemfundiso zakho.
6 - uWilliam James
Iingcali zeengqondo kunye nefilosofi uWilliam James udlalwa ngokuba nguyise weengqondo zeMerika. Umbhalo wakhe wephepha le-1200, "Imigaqo yeengqondo," yaba yinkcazo kwimixholo kwaye iimfundiso zakhe kunye nemibhalo zancedisa ukusekwa kwengqondo njengezesayensi. Ukongezelela, uYakobi waba negalelo ekusebenzeni , e-pragmatism, kwaye waba nefuthe kubafundi abaninzi beengqondo ngexesha lomsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa iminyaka engama-35.
7 - Ivan Pavlov
U-Ivan Pavlov wayengumzimba waseRussia ophando lwakhe oluneenkqubela zeemeko kunye nesimo sengqondo esifana nesimo esithintela ukunyuka kokuziphatha ngendlela yengqondo. Izindlela zokulinga zikaPavlov zanceda uncedo lwengqondo ngaphandle kwendlela yokuzimela kunye nokuvavanya ngokuzithoba kumlinganiselo wokuziphatha.
8 - uCarl Rogers
UCarl Rogers ugxininise ekusebenzeni kwabantu, okwaba nefuthe elikhulu kwizengqondo kunye nemfundo. Waba ngumbono omkhulu wabantu beengcinga kunye neempembelelo ezinokuthi zonyango kwiyeza lakhe elijoliswe ngabaxhasi .
Njengoko kuchazwa intombi yakhe uNatalie Rogers, "wayengumzekelo wokwenza imfesane kunye neengcinga zentando yeninzi ebomini bakhe, kunye nomsebenzi wakhe njengomfundisi, umbhali kunye nomgulana."
9 - uErik Erikson
Uphuhliso lwe-Erik Erikson wesigaba sokuphuhliswa kwengqondo lwabangela ukudala umdla kunye nophando malunga nophuhliso loluntu ngokusebenzisa ubomi. I-ego kwengqondo efundela no-Anna Freud, u-Erikson wandise inyiko ye-psychoanalytic ngokuhlola uphuhliso kulo lonke ubomi, kubandakanywa iziganeko zobuntwana, umntu omdala kunye nokuguga.
10 - Lev Vygotsky
ULev Vygotsky wayephila ngexesha labaninzi bezengqondo ezibandakanya uPiaget, Freud, Skinner, kunye nePavlov, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe awuzange ufikelele ekuphakameni kwakhe ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe. Oku kubangelwa kukuba ezininzi zokubhala kwakhe azizange zifikeleleke kwihlabathi leNtshona kude kube kutshanje.
Kwakuphakathi kwee-1970 ukuba ezininzi iimibhalo zakhe zaguqulelwa zisuka kwisiRashiya, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe uye waba nefuthe elikhulu kwiminyaka emva nje, ngokukodwa kwimimandla yengqondo yezemfundo kunye nophuhliso lwabantwana.
Nangona ukufa kwakhe kwangaphambi kweminyaka engama-38 kumisa umsebenzi wakhe, waqhubeka waba ngenye yeengcali zeengqondo ezikhankanywe ngokuphindaphindiweyo zekhulu lama-20.