Ukufunda okuqwalaselayo kuchaza inkqubo yokufunda ngokubukela abanye, ukugcina ulwazi, kwaye emva koko uphinde uchaze iimpawu eziye zabonwa.
Sibanzi
Kukho inani leenkalo zokufunda, ezifana nesimo sengqondo kunye nesimo sokusebenza , esigxininisa indlela amava, ukuqiniswa, okanye uhlwayo olukhokelela ekufundeni.
Nangona kunjalo, iinjongo ezininzi zezifundo zenzeka ngokungaqondile.
Ngokomzekelo, cinga ngendlela umntwana abukela ngayo abazali bakhe bashukunyelana kunye kwaye ulandele le ntshukumo. Inani elininzi lokufunda lwenzeka ngale nkqubo yokubukela nokuxelisa abanye. Kwiengqondo , oku kwaziwa ngokuba yinkalo yokufunda .
Ngamanye amaxesha ukufunda ngokubhekisele kwizinto ezibhekiselele ekubhekisweni kwezinto ezibhekiselele kuzo kubhekiswa njengokubunjwa, ukulolonga kunye nokuqiniswa. Nangona iyakwenzeka kuyo nayiphi na indawo ebomini, ithambekele ekubeni yinto eqhelekileyo ebuntwaneni njengoko abantwana befunda kubaphathi bamagunya kunye noontanga babo ebomini babo.
Ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yentlalo, njengoko abantwana bafunda indlela yokuziphatha nokuphendula abanye ngokujonga indlela abazali babo kunye nabanye abanomdla abanxibelelana ngayo kunye nabanye abantu.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani
Isazi sengqondo sengqondo u- Albert Bandura ngumphandi mhlawumbi oqhelekileyo ochongiweyo ngokufunda ngokubonile.
Yena kunye nabanye abaphandi baye babonisa ukuba ngokwemvelo sithatha inxaxheba ekufundeni ukujonga. Enyanisweni, abantwana abaselula abaneminyaka engama-21 ubudala baye baboniswa ukuba baxelise ubuso kunye nokunyakaza komlomo.
Ukuba unake wenza ubuso ebusaneni kwaye ubukele bazama ukulinganisa amazwi akho ahlekisayo, ngokuqinisekileyo uyaqonda ukuba ukufunda ukukhumbula izinto kunokunamandla kangako ukususela kumncinane.
I-theory ye- social learning theory igxininisa ukubaluleka kokufunda kwimbono.
Kwimvavanyo yakhe eyaziwayo yaseBobo doll , uBotura wabonisa ukuba abantwana abancinane babeya kuxelisa izenzo ezinobundlobongela nobudlova bomzekelo omdala. Kulo vavanyo, abantwana baphawula ifilimu apho umntu omdala ewabetha ngokuphindaphindiweyo idoli enkulu, ene-inflatable doll. Emva kokubukela isiqeshana sefilimu, abantwana bavunyelwe ukuba badlale ekamelweni benodoli yangempela yeBbobo njengalowo babone kwifilimu.
Yiyiphi i-Bandura efunyenwe kukuba abantwana banokuxelisa ukunyanzeliswa kwabantu abadala xa bengabikho miphumo okanye xa umntu omdala evuzwa ngokwenene ngenxa yezenzo zabo zobundlobongela. Abantwana ababonayo iziqeshana zefilimu apho umntu omdala wajeziswa ngenxa yokuziphatha kakubi kwakungekho amathuba okuphinda aphinde aziphathe ngokuziphatha.
U mzekelo
- Umntwana ulinda unina ephethe impahla yokuhlamba. Emva koko uthabathe impahla ethile kwaye ulandele iingubo.
- Umbhangqwana osemncinci uhamba ngomhla kwindawo yokudlela yaseTshayina. Bajonge amanye ama-diner kwivenkile yokutya bedla kunye neempopu zabo kwaye bakopha izenzo zabo ukuze bafunde ukusebenzisa izixhobo.
- Inkwenkwe ibukele enye inkwenkwe ebaleni lokudlala ingena enkingeni ngokubetha omnye umntwana. Ufunda ngokuqwalasela ukusebenzisana okungafanelekile ukubetha abanye.
- Iqela labantwana lidlala ukufihla kunye nokufuna ngexesha lokuyeka. Omnye umntwana ujoyina iqela, kodwa akakaze adlale ngaphambili kwaye akaqinisekanga ukuba wenzeni. Emva kokubona abanye abantwana bedlala, ngokukhawuleza ufunda imigaqo esemqoka yomdlalo aze ajoyine.
Izinto ezichaphazelekayo
Ngokutsho koPhando lweButura, kukho iinkalo ezininzi ezandisa ukwenzeka ukuba ukuziphatha kuya kulandelwa.
Siyakwazi ukuxelisa:
- Abantu esibabonayo njengolufudumeleyo nokunyusa.
- Abantu abafumana umvuzo ngokuziphatha kwabo.
- Xa uye wavuzwa ngokuxelisa ukuziphatha kwangaphambili.
- Xa singenalo ukuzithemba ngolwazi lwethu okanye ngamakhono.
- Abantu abakwiindawo ezigunyazisiweyo ebomini bethu.
- Abantu abafana nathi kwiminyaka yobudala, ngokwesini, nangomdla.
- Abantu esibajongayo okanye abangabantu bezinga eliphezulu loluntu.
- Xa imeko idideka, ingabonakaliyo okanye ingaqhelekanga.
Izicelo zeNqobo-zeSizwe
Ucwaningo lukaButura malunga nokufundwa kweemviwo luphakamisa umbuzo obalulekileyo: Ukuba abantwana banokuxelisa izenzo ezigwenxa ezibonwa kwiiklip zefilimu kwisimo sebhanki, ngaba akunjalo ukuqikelela ukuba baya kuxelisa ubundlobongela abakubonayo kwiifilimu ezidumile, iinkqubo zethelevishini , kunye nemidlalo yevidiyo?
Ingxoxo malunga nesi sihloko iye yahlaselwa iminyaka, kunye nabazali, ootitshala, ezopolitiko, kunye nabamabhayisikobho kunye nabadlali bemidlalo yemidlalo abanomdla kunye nemibono yabo kwimiphumo yobundlobongela bemicimbi yokuziphatha kwabantwana. Kodwa uphando lwengqondo luchaza ntoni?
Ukuqhagamshelana noBundlobongela obuninzi
Iingcali zeengqondo zikaCraig Anderson noKaren Dill ziphandle ikhonkco phakathi kobundlobongela bemidlalo yemidlalo kunye nokuziphatha okubi kwaye zifumene ukuba kwizifundo zobungcali, abafundi abadlala umdlalo wevidiyo obundlobongela baziphatha ngokugqithiseleyo kunabo babengazange badlale umdlalo obundlobongela. Ngomnyaka we-2005, uMbutho wezeMpilo waseMelika wakhupha ingxelo ebonisa ukuba ukugqithisela kwimidlalo yezobuqhophololo yevidiyo kunokunyusa iingcinga, iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha.
Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba akugcini nje ukugqithiswa ubudlova obuchaphazela ukuziphatha; ukubonakaliswa kokuziphatha ngokwesondo kunokukhokelela ekuxeliseni. Uphononongo olwenziwe ngo-2004 ngu-Rebecca Collins kunye noogxa bakhe oogqirha bezobuchopho be-2004 bafumana ukuba abatsha ababukele umthamo omtsha oqulethwe ngomxholo wesondo, babenokuphindwa kabili ukuba baqale ukulala ngokwesibini kunyaka ozayo njengabaselula abangazange bajonge loo nkqubo.
"Ngokuqinisekileyo, abaninzi abantu abadla amaninzi aphezulu kumajelo obundlobongela, abantu abadala okanye abatsha, abapheli entolongweni ngenxa yobundlobongela," u-Anderson wachaza ngobungqina obubonelelwe phambi kweKomiti yezoThengiswa kweeSenate yase-US. Umbuzo ochaphazelekayo wukuthi ngaba abaninzi (okanye abaninzi) banobukrakra, banobudlova, kwaye banobundlobongela ngenxa yokubonakaliswa kwamanqanaba aphakamileyo obundlobongela beendaba .... Impendulo icacile 'ewe.' "
Ukusebenzisa ukuFunda ngokuBonelela okulungileyo
Ukufunda ngokubambisana kudla ngokudibanisa nokuziphatha okubi okanye okungathandekiyo, kodwa kungasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okulungileyo.
Iprogram yeThelevishini isetyenziselwe ukuphakamisa uluhlu lweendlela zokuziphatha eziphilileyo kwiindawo kwihlabathi lonke kuquka iLatin America, iBrazil, Indiya kunye ne-Afrika. Ngokomzekelo, imibutho engekho inzuzo iye yavelisa inkqubo ejolise ekukhuseleni ukudluliselwa kwe-HIV / AIDS, ukunciphisa ukungcola, nokukhuthaza ukucwangcisa intsapho.
Ukufunda ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba lokusebenza lokufunda. Xa sicinga ngombono wokufunda, sisoloko sithetha ngemigaqo eqingqiweyo okanye iindlela ezithembele ekuqiniseni nasekujezisweni . Kodwa iindawo ezininzi zokufunda zenzeke ngokunyanisekileyo kwaye zithembele ekujongeni abantu abasisondezayo kunye nokwenza imifanekiso yazo. Le ndlela yokufunda ingasetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo kubandakanya ukuqeqeshwa kwemisebenzi, imfundo, ukucebisa, kunye ne- psychotherapy .
> Imithombo:
> Anderson, CA & Dill, KE Iimidlalo zevidiyo kunye neengcamango ezigwenxa, iimvakalelo, kunye nokuziphatha kwibhubhoratri nakubomi. Umbhalo woBuntu kunye neNzululwazi yeNtlalo. 2000; 78, 772-790.
> Anderson, CA Iimidlalo zevidiyo ezinobundlobongela zandisa ubundlobongela kunye nodlova. Intetho ye-Senate yase-United States kwi-"Impact of Violence Interactive on Children". Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/caa/abstracts/2000-2004/00senate.pdf. 2000.
> Bandura, A. Inkolelo yokufunda yentlalo . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: i-Hall-Hall; 1977.
> Collins, RL, Elliott, MN, Berry, SH, Kanouse, DE, Kunkel, D., Hunter, SB & Miu, A. Ukujonga ubulili kumabonwakude kuqikelela ukuqaliswa kwentombazana yokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Pediatrics. 2004; 114, 280-289.