Uvulindlela wase-Applied Psychology
"Ibali leengqondo ezingenakuqondwa zingachazwa ngamagama amathathu: akukho nto." - Hugo Münsterberg
UHugo Münsterberg wayengumgqirha weengqondo waseJamani owaziwa ngokuba nguvulindlela wezengqondo ezenziweyo, kubandakanywa nezentlalo-nhlangano, i-klinikhi kunye neengqondo zengqondo.
Obomi bakwangoko
UHugo Münsterberg wazalelwa eDanzig, eJamani (ngoku i-Gdansk, ePoland), ngoJuni 1, 1863, kubaba bathengisi kunye nomama wobugcisa.
Intsapho yayinothando olukhulu kwezobugcisa kwaye iMünsterberg yakhuthazwa ukuba ihlolisise umculo, uncwadi kunye nobugcisa. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-12, unina wafa. Ukufa kukaMama kuye kwaphawula utshintsho olukhulu ebomini benkwenkwana, luguqula waba ngumfana osemncinci. UMünsterberg wabhala umbongo, wadlala i-cello, wapapasha iphephandaba le-school waza wenza kwimidlalo yendawo. Ngo-1880, uyise naye wafa.
Emva kokugqitywa kwiGymnasium yaseDanzig ngowe-1882, wabhalisa kwiYunivesithi yaseLeipzig. Nangona ekuqaleni waqala ukufunda i- psychological social , uMünsterberg kamva waba nomdla kwiyeza. Emva kokudibana noovulindlela wengqondo kwengqondo uWilhelm Wundt , owamkhuthaza ukuba abe yingxenye yebhu yezesayunivesithi, uMünsterberg wanquma ukuzibandakanya ekufundweni kwengqondo. Ufumene yakhe Ph.D. kwi-Psychology ngo-1885 ngaphantsi kwe-Wundt's tutelage waza wanikwa i-degree yezobugcisa kwiYunivesithi yaseHeidelberg ngo-1887.
Umsebenzi
Ngowe-1887, iMünsterberg yamkela isikhundla njengomqeqeshi wabucala kunye nomfundisi kwiYunivesithi yaseFreburg kwaye kamva wanyathelisa umqulu omncinci othi: Umsebenzi weNtswelo . Le ncwadi yayigxekwa nguWundt, kunye nesazi sezengqondo u- Edward Titchener , owabhala, "UDkt Münsterberg unesipho esibulalayo sokubhala ngokulula-esichengeni ikakhulukazi kwisayensi ... apho ukuchaneka yinto enye efunekayo."
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingcali yeengqondo yaseMerika uWilliam James , yaxatyiswa gqitha yimibono yaseMünsterberg, ingakumbi kuba yayixhasa imfundiso kaYakobi yomsindo.
Ngowe-1891, uMünsterberg waba nguprofesa oncedisayo kwiYunivesithi yaseLeipzig. Ngaloo nyaka, waya kwi-International Congress ye-Psychology eParis, eFransi, apho wadibana noWilliam James. Aba babini baqhubeka behlangana kwaye badibanisa rhoqo kwaye ngo-1892, uYakobi wabuza uMünsterberg ukuba athathe i-lab ye-psychology lab yaseHarvard. Ngenxa yezakhono zakhe ezingenakulinganiswa zesiNgesi ngelo xesha, ngokuqhelekileyo wayehlala ebhodini kwaye wapapasha umsebenzi wakhe ngesiJamani. UJames McKeen Cattell wacebisa ukuba itekisi yaseMünsterberg "yayibaluleke kakhulu eMelika."
Emva kwexesha leminyaka emithathu ebhodini, iMünsterberg inikwe isikhundla esiphakade. Wenqaba umnikelo kwaye wakhetha ukuba abuyele eYurophu. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, wabuyela eHarvard, apho waqhubeka esebenza khona ubomi bakhe bonke. Ngowe-1898, wakhethwa ngumongameli we- American Psychological Association .
Ukuxhasa kwakhe iJamani ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I yamenza ingqalelo yokugxekwa okukhulu, kokubini kumaphephandaba kunye nakwamanye amalungu e-Harvard. NgoDisemba 16, 1916, uHugo Münsterberg wabulawa ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yesifo esikhulu se-cerebral hemorrhage, ehla ngaphambi kokuba akwazi ukugqiba ukunikela isigwebo sakhe sokuvula kwintetho eRadcliffe.
Igalelo kwiNzululwazi
I-Münsterberg ichazwe ngempembelelo yakhe kwizengqondo ezisebenzisayo, ingakumbi kwiiklinikhi, iingqondo zengqondo kunye nezengqondo. Iphepha lakhe le-1909 elibizwa ngokuthi "i-Psychology kunye neNtengiso" licebisa ukuba isayikholoji ingasetyenziselwa iintlobo ezininzi zezicelo zoshishino kuquka ulawulo, izigqibo zengqesho, ukukhangisa, ukusebenza komsebenzi kunye nenjongo yomsebenzi. Uphando lwakhe lushwankathelwe kamva kwincwadi yakhe ethi Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (1913), eyayicetyisa ukuba ukuqeshisa abasebenzi abanobuchule kunye neengqondo ezifanelekileyo ngokufanelekileyo kwiintlobo ezithile zomsebenzi yindlela efanelekileyo yokunyusa ukukhuthazwa, ukusebenza kunye nokugcinwa.
UHugo Münsterberg uyaziwa ngokuba ngumnikelo wakhe weengqondo . Incwadi yakhe ye-1908 Kwi-Witness Qinisekisa ngokucacileyo ukuba izimo zengqondo zingathinta njani umphumo wezilingo. Kule ncwadi, waxubusha iingxaki kunye nobufakazi bokuzibonela, ubungqina bamanga, kunye nokuphanda imibuzo.
Nangona iimpembelelo zakhe kwi-psychology ayinombuzo, iimbono zakhe ngabasetyhini zihlala zigxeka. Nangona wayekholelwa ukuba abafazi bamele bafumane imfundo ephakamileyo, wayeva ukuba izifundo zokufunda zilukhuni kwaye zinzima. Kwakhona waphakamisa ukuba abafazi mabangeke bavunyelwe ukuba bakhonze kumajura ngenxa yokuba "bengenakukwazi ukuthetha ngokucacileyo."
Indima yakhe njengommeli-misele weJamani ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala yenze ukuba ibe yinto ekujoliswe kuyo ukuxhamla phakathi kwabaninzi kwaye mhlawumbi ichaza ukuba kutheni ifa lakhe elibalulekileyo laxothwa kwaye linyanzeliswa iminyaka emininzi. Njengoko uDavid Hothersall wacebisa, ngexesha lokufa kukaMünsterberg "wayezithiywe ngabantu baseMelika abaninzi kunanoma yimuphi umntu onguchwepheshe weengqondo ngaphambi okanye ukususela." Nangona ezininzi iincwadi zembali yezengqondo zithatha indawo encinane eMünsterberg kunye nempembelelo yakhe, iingcamango zakhe ziyaqhubeka zize zenze igalelo kwizengqondo zanamhlanje.
Iincwadi ezikhethiweyo
UHugo Münsterberg washicilela imisebenzi embalwa, kuquka:
- Münsterberg, H. 1908. Kwi-Stand Stand. ENew York: i-Doubleday
- Münsterberg, H. 1908. Iingcali kunye neCalulo. ILondon: TF Unwin
- Münsterberg, H. 1909. Iimilinganiselo ezingunaphakade. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
- Münsterberg, H. 1909. Iingcali zengqondo. ENew York: Moffat, Yard
- Münsterberg, H. [1913] 2005. I- Psychology ne-Industrial Efficiency. Adamant Media Corporation
- Münsterberg, H. 1914. I- Psychology and Social Sanity. ILondon: TF Unwin
Imithombo:
IDomingue, E. & Rardon, J. (2002) uHugo Munsterberg. I-Earlham College, http://www.earlham.edu/~dominel/webpage.htm.
Hothersall, D. (1995). Imbali yePhysics. ENew York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Schultz, DP, & Schultz, SE (2004). Imbali Yeengqondo Zanamhlanje. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth.
Stern, uWilliam. (1917). UHugo Munsterberg: Kwi-memoriam. Umbhalo we-Applied Psychology, 1 (2), uJuni, 1917, 186-188.