Impembelelo ye-Hawthorne ibinzana elibhekiselele ekuthambekeni kwabanye abantu ukuba basebenze nzima kwaye benze ngcono xa bathatha inxaxheba kulo mvavanyo. Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lisetyenziswe ukubonisa ukuba abantu banokutshintsha indlela abaziphatha ngayo ngenxa yengqalelo abayifumana kubaphandi kunokuba kukho nawuphi na ukuphathwa kwezinto ezizimeleyo .
Impembelelo ye-Hawthorne iye yaxutyushwa ngokubanzi kwiincwadi zengqondo, ngokukodwa ezo zinikezelwe kwizengqondo zoshishino nezentlangano . Nangona kunjalo, ezinye zezinto ezifunyenwe ngokutsha zibonisa ukuba amaninzi amabango asekuqaleni ayenziwe malunga nesiphumo angadlulelwa.
Imbali emfutshane ye-Hawthorne Effect
Umphumo wachazwa okokuqala ngawo-1950 ngumphandi uHenry A. Landsberger ngexesha lokuhlalutya kwakhe ukuhlolwa okwenziwa nge-1920s no-1930. Le ngqungquthela ibizwa ngokuba yindawo apho iilingo zenzeke khona, iWest Electric Hawthorne isebenza kwenkampani yombane ngaphandle kwe-Hawthorne, e-Illinois.
Ikhamphani yombane ibiye yathumela uphando ukuba kukhangele ukuba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kwemveliso kunye neendawo zokusebenza. Injongo yokuqala yeengxoxo ze-Hawthorne kwakufuneka zihlolisise indlela iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zomsebenzi, ezifana nokukhanyisa, ixesha lokuphumla, kunye nobude bomsebenzi wemihla ngemihla, bebenokuveliswa komsebenzi.
Kwiyona edume kakhulu kwiimvavanyo, ugxininiso lohlolisiso lwalukukufumanisa ukuba ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa inani lokukhanya abafumanayo liya kuba nefuthe ekusebenzeni kwabasebenzi abakhulayo ngexesha lokutshintshwa kwabo. Ukuveliswa komsebenzi kubonakala kunyuke ngenxa yeenguqu kodwa ke kwehla emva kokuba uvavanyo luphelile.
Oko abaphandi kwiingqungquthela zokuqala ezifunyenwe kukuba ukuba phantse naluphi na utshintsho kwiimeko zokuvavanya kukhokelela ekwandeni kwimveliso. Xa ukukhanya kwakwenyuka ukuya kumanqanaba okukhanyisa, ukuveliswa kwanda. Kweminye imiba yolu vavanyo, imveliso iphinde iphuculwe xa ikhefu lipheliswa ngokupheleleyo kwaye xa ixesha lomsebenzi lalide.
Iziphumo zazimangalisa kwaye abaphandi baphetha ngeli xesha abasebenzi bebesabela ngokunyuka kwenyameko evela kubaphathi babo. Abaphandi baphakamisa ukuba ukuveliswa kwenyuka ngenxa yengqwalasela kwaye kungekhona ngenxa yenguqu eguquguqukayo. I-Landsberger ichaza umphumo we-Hawthorne njengento yokuphucula ixesha elifutshane ekusebenzeni kubangelwa ngabasebenzi.
Abaphandi kunye nabaphathi baphumelela ngokukhawuleza kwezi ziphumo, kodwa uphando olutshanje luye lwabonisa ukuba ezi zigqibo zangaphambili azizange zibonise oko kwenzeka ngokwenene. Ixesha elithi i-Hawthorne lihlala lisetyenziswe ngokubanzi ekuchazeni ukwanda kwintsebenzo ukwenza ukuthatha inxaxheba kwisifundo, kodwa uphando olongezelelweyo luye lwahlala lunika inkxaso okanye luye lwahluleka ukufumana impembelelo nhlobo.
Uphando olutsha ngakumbi kwi-Hawthorne Effect
Uphando olutshanje kwiphumo lika-Hawthorne licebise ukuba iziphumo zokuqala zingaphaya.
Ngo-2009, abaphandi eYunivesithi yaseChicago baphinde bahlaziya idatha yangaphambili kwaye bafumanisa ukuba ezinye izinto zenza indima ekuveleni kwaye ukuba umphumo owawuchazwe ekuqaleni wawunamandla. U-Levitt noLuhlu bafumanise ulwazi lwangaphambili ukusuka kwizifundo ze-Hawthorne baza bafumanisa ukuba amaninzi amabango abiziweyo kamva malunga neziphumo azixhaswanga kuphela ngedatha. Baye bafumana, nangona kunjalo, iimbonakaliso ezifihlakeleyo zefuthe likaHawthorne.
Olunye uphando olongezelelweyo aluphumelelanga ukufumana ubungqina obuqinileyo bempembelelo ye-Hawthorne, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi ezinye izinto zinokuchaphazela ukuphucula kwimveliso.
Kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukuveliswa kwabasebenzi, ukunyuka kwenyameko evela kubavumi kwangekho kubangele impendulo yokwenziwa kwentsebenzo. Le ngxelo eyongeziweyo ingakhokelela ekuphuculeni kwimveliso.
Intsha yokuba nokuhlola ukuziphatha ikwadlala indima. Oku kungakhokelela ekunyusweni kokuqala kwendlela yokusebenza kunye nemveliso ekugqibeleni ekugqibeleni ukukhutshwa njengoko uvavanyo luqhubeka.
Iimpawu zokufuna zinokudlala indima ekuchazeni le ngxaki. Kwimvavanyo, ngamanye amaxesha abaphandi babonisa iimpawu ezifihlakeleyo ezivumela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bazi ukuba bafuna ukufumana ntoni. Ngenxa yoko, ngezifundo maxa wambi ziza kutshintsha indlela abaziphatha ngayo ukuze bancede baqinisekise i- hypothesis ye-experimenter.
Nangona i-Hawthorne impembelelo idlalwa kakubi kwaye mhlawumbi ingasetyenziswanga, i-Rogelberg ibhala ukuba igama "liyaqhubeka liyingcaciso ebalulekileyo yempembelelo yentshukumo yengqondo njengokwenza ngokuqhelekileyo ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni okuphezulu, kunye nokuphendula ngokufanelekileyo kwintlalo (oko kukuthi, ukuzenza okulungileyo)."
Ngoko ke abaphandi bangenza ntoni ukunciphisa le ntlobo yeziphumo kwizifundo zabo zokuhlola? Ezinye iindlela zokunceda ukuphelisa okanye ukunciphisa iimpawu zeemfuneko kunye nezinye izixhobo ezikhoyo zokuzama ukuzama ukusebenzisa ubuchule bokujonga izinto zendalo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukubonwa kwemvelo akusoloko kunokwenzeka.
Enye indlela yokulwa nale fom yezinto eziphathekayo kukukwenza iimpendulo zendima-nxaxheba kwi-experiment engaziwayo okanye eyimfihlo. Ngaloo ndlela, abathathi-nxaxheba bangenakukwazi ukuguqula indlela abaziphethe ngayo ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kwilingo.
ILizwi
Uninzi lweziphumo zokuqala zeengxoxo ze-Hawthorne ziye zafunyaniswa ukuba zigqithiseleyo okanye ziphosakeleyo, kodwa eli gama liye lisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizengqondo, kwizoqoqosho, kwishishini nakweminye imimandla. Nangona kunjalo, eli gama lisetyenziswe ngokubhekiselele ekutshintsheni kokuziphatha okungabangela ekubeni uthathe inxaxheba ekuhlolweni.
> Imithombo:
> Kantowitz, BH, Roediger, HL, & Elmes, DG. Psychology yovavanyo. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth Cengage Learning; 2009.
> Landy, FJ & Conte, JM. Sebenza kwiXesha lama-21: Intshayelelo yezoBuchule kunye noBuchule beengqondo. ENew York: UJohn Wiley kunye noNyana; 2010.
> Levitt, SD & Uludwe, JA. Ngaba kukho ngokwenene umphumo we-Hawthorne kwisityalo se-Hawthorne? Uhlalutyo lwezilingo zokuqala zokukhanyisa. I-American Economic Journal: I-Applied Economics 3. 2011; 224-238.
> McBride, iDM (2013). Inkqubo yophando kwingqondo. London: Sage Publications.