Esinye sezikolo zokuqala zesicatshulwa
Ulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo lubhekwa njengesikolo sokuqala sengcinga kwingqondo . Kwabandakanya ukuphula kunye nokuhlalutya ingqondo kwiindawo ezincinci kunokwenzeka. I-psychoturalist psychology isoloko idibaniswa noWilhelm Wundt , owayedume ngokusungula i- lab yokuqala yokuzinikela kwengqondo yengqondo kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo uthathwa ngokuba nguyise weengqondo zanamhlanje.
Imvelaphi yeSakhiwo
Ngaba iWundt ngokwenene ngumsekeli wesi sikolo sokuqala sokucinga? Nangona iWundt idlaliswe njengomseki wezakhiwo, akazange akwazi ukusebenzisa igama. Kunoko, uWundt wabhekisela kwiingcamango zakhe ngokuzithandela . Wayengumfundi wakhe, u- Edward B. Titchener , owakha i-term structure .
Nangona i-Titchener idlalwa ngokusungulwa kwezakhiwo kunye nokuzisa iingcamango eMelika, iingcamango zaqala ngeWundt. I-Titchener yatshintsha kakhulu into efundiswa yiWundt. UWundt ukholelwa ukuba ingqondo ingatyunjwa ibe yizakhiwo ngokuhlelwa ngamava aziwayo kwiindawo ezincinci ezinokuhlaziywa, ezifana nezinye iicandelo. UTitchener wagqiba ukukhangela uphawu lwe-Wundt lwezakhiwo ngenxa yokuba amava aziwayo akalula ukulawula ngovavanyo njengendlela yokuziphatha.
Ukwazisa: Isixhobo esiPhambili seSakhiwo
UTitchener wathatha inqubo yokulinga kaWundt, ebizwa ngokuba yi- introspection , kwaye wayisebenzisa ukugxila kwizakhiwo zomntu wengqondo.
Naluphi na into eyayingenakuphandwa ngokusebenzisa le ndlela, iTitchener yakholwa, yayingekho kwisizinda sengqondo.
U-Titchener wayekholelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-introspection, eyayisetyenziswe ababukeli abaye baqeqeshwa ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba bahlalutye iimvakalelo zabo kunye neemvakalelo xa beboniswa isisombululo esilula, bangasetyenziselwa ukufumanisa izakhiwo zengqondo kwaye wachitha ubuninzi bomsebenzi wakhe ozinikele kulo msebenzi .
Ultraker's Structuralism
Isakhiwo sikaTitchener sagxininisa imisebenzi emithathu ebalulekileyo ekufundeni kwengqondo yomntu:
- Ukufumanisa ukuba zininzi iinkqubo ezikhoyo, qaphela izinto zeenkqubo, kwaye uchaze indlela asebenza ngayo.
- Ukuhlalutya imithetho elawula ukudibanisa phakathi kwezinto ezingqondweni.
- Ukuphonononga ukudibanisa phakathi kwengqondo kunye nenkqubo yesantya.
Impembelelo kaTitchener
Kwiminyaka engama-20, iTitchener ilawula i-psychology yaseMerika. Kwakuninzi kakhulu, ukupapasha iincwadi ezingama-216 kunye namaphepha ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe. Waqeqesha uninzi lwabafundi beengqondo, abongamela umsebenzi woogqirha wabafundi abangaba ngu-60 kuquka noMargaret Floy Washburn noEdwin C. Boring. Kodwa namhlanje umsebenzi wakhe awunakuthi ukhankanywe ngaphandle komxholo wembali. Waqhubeka ebambelela ngamandla kwi-Psychology yaseMelika ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe kwaye waba negalelo kwi-psychology ibe yisebe elihloniphekileyo lezesayensi, kodwa impembelelo yakhe yaqala ukuhamba ngokulandela ukufa kwakhe.
Ulwakhiwo lungase lube lunandipha ixesha elifutshane lokulawula kwengqondo, kodwa isikolo sengcamango sinokufa emva kokufa komsunguli wayo. Kodwa ke, kukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwezinye iimfudu, kuquka nokusebenza , ukuziphatha , kunye neengqondo zeGestalt.
> Imithombo:
> I-Encyclopaedia Britannica. Ulwakhiwo.
> I-Encyclopaedia Britannica. UWilhelm Wundt: I-Physiologist yesiJamani kunye neengqondo. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Wundt.
> Hockenbury, DH, Hockenbury, SE. Intshayelelo kunye neendlela zokuPhando. Ku: Inzululwazi. 5. ENew York, NY: AbaPapasho Abaxabisekileyo; 2010: 4-5.
> INew World Encyclopedia. Ulwakhiwo: Ulwakhiwo lwezengqondo (i-19th century).