UJohn Bowlby wayengumgqirha weengqondo waseBrithani kunye no-psychoanalyst ababekholelwa ukuba ukuxhamla kwasebuntwaneni kubambe indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekuhambeni kwengqondo kamva. Umsebenzi wakhe, kunye nomsebenzi weengqondo zengqondo uMary Ainsworth, waba negalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwenkcazo ye-attachment.
U-Bowlby ukholelwa ukuba abantwana bazalwa benesimo esilungelelaniso sezinto eziphilayo ukuba bafune kwaye bahlale besondelene namanani okuqhotyoshelweyo.
Oku kunika uqinisekiso kunye nokuthuthuzela, kodwa kuya kunceda ekuziseni komntwana. Ukunamathela kumnakekeli kuqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno zomntwana zidibene kwaye ukhuselwe kwiingozi kwimeko.
UJohn Bowlby Uyaziwayo
- Ikhonkco yokunamathisela
- Uphando malunga nophuhliso lwabantwana
Ukuzalwa nokufa
NgoFebhuwari 27, 1907-Septemba 2, 1990
Obomi bakwangoko
U-Edward John Mostyn Bowlby wazalelwa eLondon ukuya kwintsapho ephakathi kwezinga eliphezulu. Ekholelwa ukuba uthando oluninzi lwabazali kunye nokukhathalela lwaluyingozi umntwana, abazali bakhe bachitha ixesha elincinci kunye naye ngosuku ngalunye. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-7, wathunyelwa esikolweni sokubhankanya, apho wayeza kuchaza kamva njengento ephazamisayo.
U-Bowlby waqhubeka waya kwiKholeji yeZiqu zintathu, eCambridge, apho wafunda khona ingqondo kunye nokuchitha ixesha kunye nabantwana abalahlayo. Emva kokugqitywa kwiCambridge, iBoblby yavolontiya esikolweni ukuze ifumane amava kwaye icinge ngeenjongo zakhe zokufunda.
Umsebenzi wakhe esikolweni kunye nabantwana ababini abangabonakaliyo bamisela ikhosi yekamva lakhe waza wamkhuthaza ukuba abe ngumntwana wengqondo .
Emva koko wafunda unyango kwiSibhedlele saseYunivesithi, kwaye ngoko-psychiatry kwisibhedlele saseMaudsley. Ngeli xesha, uBilllby naye wafunda kwi-British Psychoanalytic Institute kwaye waqala ukuthonywa ngumsebenzi kaMelanie Klein .
Ekugqibeleni akazange akwanelisekile nendlela uKlein ayenayo, ekholelwa ukuba igxininise kakhulu kwiingcamango zabantwana kwaye akwanele kwiimeko zendalo, kubandakanye nempembelelo yabazali kunye nabanakekeli.
Emva kokuba yingqondo ye-psychoanalyst ngo-1937, wakhonza kwiRoyal Army Medical Corps ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Ngo-1938, watshata nomfazi ogama lingu-Ursula Longstaff kwaye kunye babenabantwana abane. Emva kwemfazwe, uBoblby waba nguMlawuli weTivistock Clinic kwaye ngo-1950 waba ngumcebisi wezempilo yengqondo kwi-World Health Organization.
Umsebenzi kunye neNyilo
Umsebenzi wokuqala waseBilllby kunye nabantwana bamkhokelela ekuhlakuleleni umdla okhuselekileyo kwinkalo yophuhliso lwabantwana . Waba nomdla ngokukhethekileyo kwindlela ukuhlukana kwabantwana abanonophelo kwabathintela ngayo abantwana. Emva kokufunda esi sifundo kwithuba elithile, waqala ukuhlakulela iingcamango zakhe ngokubaluleka kokuncedisa ukuphuhliswa kwabantwana.
Ngomnyaka we-1949, i-World Health Organisation yamisela iBoblby ukuba ibhale ingxelo yengqondo yengqondo yabantwana abangenamakhaya eYurophu. Ngomnyaka we-1951, umsebenzi ophumela ekunakekeni koMama kunye neMpilo yengqondo yapapashwa. Ngaloo nto wabhala, "... umntwana kunye nomntwana omncinci kufuneka abe nolwalamano olusondeleyo, obusondeleyo kunye oluqhubekayo nonina (okanye unomdla ongunaphakade lomama) apho bobabini baneliseka kwaye banandipha."
Emva kokupapashwa kwengxelo echaphazelayo, uBoblby waqhubeka nokuphuhlisa indlela yakhe yokuncedisa.
I-Bowlby yakhwela kwiintlobo zezifundo eziquka isayensi yolwazi, uphuhliso lweengqondo , i-biology, kunye ne-ethology. Ingcamango yakhe eyabangela ukuba izibophelelo zokuqala ezibunjwe ngabantwana abanonophelo babo zinempembelelo enkulu eqhubekayo ebomini. U-Bowlby wayeqeqeshwe njengengqondo ye-psychoanalyst, kunye nokufana no- Sigmund Freud , wayekholelwa ukuba amava okuqala ebomini ayenefuthe eliqhubekayo ekuphuhlisweni. Ngokutsho kwe-Bowlby, isinamathiselo sinceda ukugcina umntwana usondele kumama, ngaloo ndlela kuphucula amathuba omntwana okusinda.
Wacetyisa ukuba boomama kunye neentsana ziguqulele isidingo sangasese sokusondela. Ngokulondoloza olu futshane, iintsana ziyakwazi ukufumana unyameko kunye nokukhuselwa abayidingayo ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwabo.
I-Bowlby nayo yathonyelwa ngumsebenzi kaKonrad Lorenz, owabonisa ukuba isinamathiselo sasingenasistim kwaye sincedwe ekusindeni. Kwisifundo se-Lorenz esaziwayo ngo-1935 ngokunyathelisa, wakwazi ukubonisa ukuba iigesi ezincinane ziyakubhala kwiimpawu ezinqamlekileyo kwimeko ethile emva kwexesha elibalulekileyo emva kokugxotha. U-Lorenz wayenako ukufumana amajee asandul 'ukutshintshela kuye aze ambonise njengomfanekiso "unina". Oku kutyhile ukuba kungekhona nje into enamathintelo, kodwa ukuba kukho ixesha elibalulekileyo ngexesha lokwakha ubudlelwane obunamathelwano lunokwenzeka. Ucwaningo lukaLorenz lufumene ukuba emva kwexesha elithile (malunga nama-32 iiyure zeehasi), isinamathiselo ayengenakwenzeka.
Umxholo ophambili we-Bowlby's attachment theory kukuba oomama abafumanekayo nabasabelayo kwiimfuno zabo iintsana bazisa umxholo wokhuseleko. Umntwana uyazi ukuba umnakekeli unokwethenjelwa, okudala isiseko esilondekileyo somntwana ukuba ahlolisise ihlabathi.
Ikhonkco yoQinisekiso
I-Bowlby ichaza isinamathiselo njengento "yokuxhomekeka kwengqondo ehlala njalo phakathi kwabantu." Inkolelo yakhe yesifundo se-attachment ibonisa ukuba iintsana zinesidingo sangasese sokwenza isibophelelo esinamathele kunye nomnakekeli.Umpendulo oguqukayo owandisa amathuba omntwana okusinda. ozelwe ngeendlela ezininzi zokuziphatha ezifana nokukhala nokukhupha, kunye nabanonophelo bahlelwe ukuba baphendule kule miqondiso baze bahambe kwiimfuno zomntwana.
Nangona oomama bahlala benxulumene nale nxaxheba njengabanonophelo bokuqala kunye namanani okunamathiselwe, uBilllby wakholelwa ukuba iintsana zinokubumba izibophelelo ezinjalo nabanye. Ukwakhiwa kwesibophelelo soqhagamshelwano kunika induduzo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokutya, kodwa uBilllby uthe ukuzondla ngokwazo akuyiyo isiseko okanye injongo yale nxu
Xa amanani okunamathiselwe ayatholakala kwaye anokwethenjelwa, umntwana uhlakulela ukuzithemba kwihlabathi. Kule ngongoma, umntwana unokuthembela kumgcini-mgcini njengesiseko esilondekileyo apho uhlola khona ihlabathi.
U-Bowlby uphakamise ukuba iifom zokunamathisela kwinqanaba lezigaba:
- Ngethuba leyokuqala kwisigaba sokuqhotyoshelweyo , iintsana ziyaqaphela umnyamekeli wazo oyintloko kodwa asinayo isinamathiselo. Ukukhala kwabo kunye nokuxhonywa kubangalisa ingqalelo kunye nokunakekelwa komzali, okuvuyisa umntwana kunye nomnakekeli. Njengoko eli nqanaba liqhubela phambili malunga neenyanga ezintathu, iintsana ziqala ukuqaphela umzali ngakumbi kwaye ziphucule umqondo wokuthemba.
- Ngethuba lesigaba esingenanto esingabalulekanga , iintsana zibonisa ukhetho olukhethekileyo lwababakhathaleli abaziintloko kunye nabanonophelo abasecaleni babo kubomi babo.
- Ngethuba lokuxhatshazwa kwexesha , abantwana baqhotyoshelweyo kumntu omnye kwaye baya kuba noxinzelelo kunye nokuxhalaba xa behlukana kulowo mntu.
- Ekugqibeleni ngexesha lokuqhotyoshelweyo , abantwana baqala ukuhlakulela okunamandla kubantu abangaphantsi kwezona zinto zikhuselekileyo.
Igalelo kwiNzululwazi
Uphando lukaJohn Bowlby malunga nokuqhotyoshelweyo kunye nophuhliso lwabantwana lwashiya ingqondo ehlala njalo kwizengqondo, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwabantwana kunye nabazali. Abaphandi baye bandisa uphando lwakhe ekuphuhliseni iindlela zokwelapha zonyango kunye nezicwangciso zokukhusela. Umsebenzi wakhe waphinde waba nomthelela kwezinye iimbono zeengqondo, eziquka umlingani wakhe uMary Ainsworth , naye wenza umnikelo omkhulu wokuncedisa i-theory .
Kuphando lwe-2002 lweengqondo ze-psychologist ezipapashwe kwi-Review of General Psychology, uBilllby ubanjwe njengowesi-49 esicatshulwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwengqondo yekhulu le-20.
Iincwadi ezikhethiweyo zikaJohn Bowlby
Bowlby, J. (1946). Ukunyamekela kwabantwana kunye neMpilo yengqondo. I-Geneva: Umbutho WezeMpilo Wehlabathi.
Bowlby, J. (1958). Ubume bomngane womntwana kunina. I-International Journal ye-Psychoanalysis, 39 , 1-23.
Bowlby, J. (1968). Ukuqhotyoshelweyo kunye nokulahleka, uMqulu. 1: Ukuncedisa . ENew York: IiNcwadi eziSiseko.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Ukuqhotyoshelweyo kunye nokulahleka, uMqulu. 2: Ukuhlukana, ukukhathazeka kunye nobushushu. ILondon: Iincwadi zePenguin Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Ukuqhotyoshelweyo kunye nokulahleka, uMqulu. 3: Ukulahleka: Usizi noxinzelelo. ENew York: IiNcwadi eziSiseko.
> Imithombo
Bowlby, J. Ubume Bokubopha Abantwana KuMama Wakhe. I-International Journal ye-Psychoanalysis. 1958; 39: 350-371.
Bowlby J. Okunamathiselwe. Isinamathiselo kunye nokulahleka: I-Vol. 1. Ukulahleka. ENew York: iiNcwadi eziSiseko; 1969.
Bretheron, I. I. (1992). Imvelaphi yenkcazo yokunamathisela: uJohn Bowlby noMary Ainsworth. UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi. 1992; 28: 759-775.
Haggbloom, SJ, Warnick, JE, Jones, VK, Yarbrough, GL, Russell, TM, Borecky, CM, McGahhey, R .... Monte, E. Iingcali ezili-100 eziphakamileyo zengqondo zephondo lama-20. Ukuphononongwa kweNgcaciso yengqondo. 2002; 6 (2): 139-152. i-doi: 10.1037 / 1089-2680.6.2.139.
Holmes, J. John Bowlby kunye ne-Attachment Theory. ELondon: uRoutledge; 1993.