Yintoni eyenza umntu okanye isilwanyana ukuba ayeke ukubandakanya ukuziphatha kwangaphambili? Ukuqothulwa kwesinye inkcazo. Kwengqondo, ukuphela kwayo kubhekisela ekunciphiseni ngokuthe ngcipheko kwempendulo echaphazelekayo eyenza ukuziphatha kuhla okanye kuphele. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuziphatha okusemgangathweni kugcina.
Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba ufundise inja yakho ukudibanisa izandla.
Emva kwexesha, ubuqhetseba buba mnandi. Uyeka ukuvuza umgangatho wokuziphatha kwaye ekugqibeleni uyeke ukubuza inja yakho ukuba igubungele. Ekugqibeleni, impendulo iyaphela, kwaye inja yakho ayisabonakali ukuziphatha.
Iingxaki zokuKhutshwa kunye neNzekayo
Kwiimeko zesigcawu , xa i- stimulus ekhutshweyo yenziwa yedwa ngaphandle kokuvuselelwa okungekho nto , impendulo enemimiselo iya kugqitywa. Ngokomzekelo, kwi -classic yokulinga kwePavlov , inja yayifakwe kwisimo sokumisela kwisandi sensimbi. Xa intsimbi yayingeniswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngaphandle kokunikezwa kokutya, impendulo ye-salivation ekugqibeleni yaphela.
Kwimeko yokusebenza , ukuphela kwexesha kwenzeka xa impendulo ingasomelezwa emva kokukhuthaza ukubandlulula. UBF Skinner uchaze indlela awaqala ngayo le nto:
"I-curve yokuqala yokuphela kwayo ibonakaliswe ngengozi. I-rat yayicinezela i-lever ngexesha lokuzama ukubeka isantya xa i-pellet dispenser igxinyiwe." Andibekho ngelo xesha, kwaye xa ndibuya ndifumene i-curve enhle. Ukuxininisa nangona kungabikho i-pellets efunyenwe ... Utshintsho lwaluhleleke kakhulu kunokuba kuphele ukucinywa kwe-salivary reflex kwi-setting yePavlov, kwaye ndandivuyisayo kakhulu. Kwakuyimini kaLwesihlanu ntambama kwaye kwakungekho mntu kwibhubhoratri endiyithethayo. Yonke loo veki ndawela ezitrato ngenyameko kwaye ndaziphepha zonke iingozi ezingenasidingo zokukhusela ukufumana kwam kwilahleko ngenxa yokufa kwengozi. "
Imizekelo yokuCima
Masiqwalasele ngakumbi eminye imizekelo yokuphela.
Khawucinge ukuba umphandi uqeqeshe i-lab yeklayiti ukuze ucinezele iqhosha lokufumana iplalet yokutya. Kwenzeka ntoni xa umphandi eyeka ukuhambisa ukutya? Ngoxa i-extinction ayiyi kuvela ngokukhawuleza, kuya kuthi emva kwexesha. Ukuba i-rat iyaqhubeka icinezela ukhiye kodwa ingafumani i-pellet, ukuziphatha kuya kugcina kugweba kude kube yilahleke ngokupheleleyo.
Iimpawu zokunqongophala ezithandwayo nazo zichaphazelekayo ngokupheliswa. Khawucinge ukuba udle i-ice cream kwangaphambili ngaphambi kokugula kwaye uyiphonsa. Ngenxa yoko, wavelisa i-ice cream ye-ice cream kwaye wayigwema ukuyidla, nangona bekukade kukunye kokutya okuthandayo.
Enye indlela yokuyithintela ukungafuni ukuza kuzibeka kwi-ayisikrimu, nangona ukuba ukucinga nje kokutya kukukwenza uzive ukhululekile. Unokuqala ngokuthatha ambalwa amathandwayo amancinci ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Njengoko uqhubeka udla ukutya ngaphandle kokugula, ukuguquka kwakho kwimeko ekugqibeleni kuya kuncipha.
Ukuqothulwa akuthethi ukuba kuphelile ngonaphakade
Ukuba impendulo ehambelanisiweyo ayisabonakaliswa, ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba uye wahamba ngonaphakade? Kuphando lwakhe malunga nesimo semvelo, uPavlov wafumanisa ukuba xa kuphele ukuphela, akuthethi ukuba umxholo uya kubuya kwiimeko zabo ezingenanto. Ukuvumela iiyure eziliqela okanye iintsuku ukuba zidlule emva kokuba impendulo icimile zingabangela ukufumana ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza. Ukuphulukana ngokukhawuleza kubhekisela ekubuyeni ngokukhawuleza kwempendulo yangaphambili.
Ngophando lwakhe malunga nesimo sokusebenza, i-Skinner yafumanisa ukuba indlela kunye nendlela yokuziphatha eqinisekisiwe ngayo inokusichaphazela njani ukuxhatshazwa kwayo.
Ufumene ukuba ishedyuli esincinci yokuqiniswa (ukuqinisa ukuziphatha kuphela inxalenye yexesha) kunceda ukunciphisa amathuba okuphela. Esikhundleni sokunyusa ukuziphatha rhoqo rhoqo, kuqinisekiswa kunikwa kuphela emva kokuba ixesha elithile lidlule okanye inani elithile leempendulo zenzekile. Olu hlobo lweshedyuli lincinci lubangela ukuziphatha okunamandla kwaye kunqabile ukutshabalalisa.
Izinto ezinokushukumisa ukuphela
Uninzi lwezinto ezinokuchaphazela indlela ukuxhathisa ukuziphatha ukuphela. Amandla omqathango wokuqala angabamba indima ebalulekileyo.
Sekude kubekho imeko esele yenzeke kwaye ubukhulu bompendulo obulungisiweyo bungenza impendulo inganyangeki ukuphela. Iimpazamo ezizinzileyo ziyakwazi ukupheliswa kwaye zingase ziqhubeke ukuboniswa nangemva kokuba ukuqinisekiswa kususwe ngokupheleleyo.
Olunye uphando lucebise ukuba ukuhlala kwendawo kungadlala indima ekupheleni. Ngokomzekelo, ukuvelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwisimo esifanelekileyo kunokugqibela kukukhokelela ukuba usebenzise, okanye uqhube. Ngenxa yokuba uye wakhutshwa kwisimo esifanelekileyo, usenokungayihoxisa kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba wenze impendulo, ekugqibeleni uholele ekupheleni kweendlela eziziphatha ngayo.
Izinto zobuntu zingadlala indima ekupheleni. Olunye uphando lwafumanisa ukuba abantwana abaxhalabele kakhulu bebehamba ngokukhawuleza ukuba bahlale besandi. Ngenxa yoko, ukwesaba kwabo kwisandi kwakuncipha ukuba bangabikho kubantwana abangenaxhala.
> Imithombo:
> Coon D, iMitterer JO. I-Psychology: Ulendo. 5. Publishing Wadsworth; 2013.
> IPavlov (1927) PI. Iingcamango eziMiselweyo: Uphando loMsebenzi wePhysics of Cerebral Cortex. Iingxelo zeeuroscience . 2010; 17 (3): 136-141. i-doi: 10.5214 / iminyaka.0972-7531.1017309.
> Skinner BF. Imbali Yembali kwiScientific Method. Iingcali zeMilo zaseMerika . 1956; 11: 221-233.
> Skinner BF. Ukubunjwa Kwendlela Yokuziphatha: Icandelo Lesibini se-Autobiography. ENew York: uAlfred A. Knopf; 1979.