1 - Kuphela Ukuphulaphula Iingcebiso Zempilo Eziqinisekisa Iikholelwa Ezikhoyo
Iingxaki zeNgqondo kunye neZempilo
Sonke senza iimpazamo ngempilo yethu nobudlelwano bethu. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi mpazamo zingaba ziincinci, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo izigqibo zemihla ngemihla esizenzayo zingaba nefuthe elide elide emzimbeni nasengqondweni.
Izigqibo ezingalunganga zenzeke kunoma ubani, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi ezi mpazamo zengqondo zibangelwa zihlazo kwaye ziyamangalisa izinto ezinengqiqo. Masiqwalasele ngakumbi indlela ezinye zeengxaki zokuziphatha ezingathintela ngayo ukhetho lwempilo owenzayo imihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwizigqibo ezincinci malunga nokokutya ukutya kwamasemini kwizigqibo ezinkulu ezinokuba nefuthe elide kwiimeko zakho zomzimba nezengqondo. impilo kunye nentlalo.
Bias Confirmation
Abantu banomdla wokwenzela ulwazi oluqinisekisa ukuba sele bakholwa ukuba liyinyani, into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-bias confirmation. Yisona sizathu sokuba sisoloko sinikela ngakumbi kwiindaba zeendaba ezixhasa izinto esizikholelwayo ngeli xesha lihlawula ibali eliphambene neembono zethu zehlabathi.
Ngoko le ndlela yokuqinisekisa iyakwenza njani impilo yakho? Ngamanye amaxesha sivame ukugxila kwiindaba zamabali okanye kwiingxelo zophando eziqinisekisa impilo yethu yangoku okanye ukhetho lwezinto zokuphila, kodwa ukugxotha ukuba ngamabakala aluncedo kwaye afanelekileyo kuba aphikisana nokuziphatha kwethu okanye izigqibo zempilo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba usebenzisa iixesha ezimbalwa ngeveki kodwa ngenye indlela usichitha ixesha lakho elihlezi edeskini, unokuba unembebe wokungayihoyi imibiko yezempilo enokuthi ukuhlala okuninzi kunokulimaza impilo yakho.
Ngoko ke unokwenza ntoni ukulwa nale ngxabano kwaye wenze izigqibo ezijoliswe ngakumbi xa kuziwa kwimpilo yakho? Ukuqaphela nje ukuba lo tyekelo luyindawo enkulu yokuqala. Ngexesha elizayo ufumana ukugxothwa kolwazi kuba aluqinisekisi ngokukhawuleza iinkolelo zakho okanye ukuxhasa ukuziphatha kwakho, sichitha ixesha elifutshane uhlalutye ukuba kutheni ukhawuleza ukulikhawuleza.
Ucelomngeni imigaqo yakho yangaphambili ingaba yindlela enhle yokwandisa ingqondo yakho kwaye uhlolisise iindlela ezintsha zokucinga, kwaye ukwamkela ulwazi oluchaseneyo akuthethi ukuba ufanele uhlaziywe ubomi bakho ukuze uyilungiselele . Kunoko, jonga utshintsho oluncinane onokuyenza kwindlela yakho yemihla ngemihla ekugqibeleni ekukhokelela ekuphuculeni impilo engcono.
Kwimzekelo yethu yangaphambili, ngokuqinisekileyo akudingeki ukuba uphuthuke uze uthenge idesksi yokuma okanye i-desktogram yokuhamba ngetekisi nje ngokuba ufunda inqaku leendaba uthi ukuhlala kulubi. Endaweni yoko, zama ukuqonda ukuba uhlala kangakanani ngosuku kwaye ukhangele utshintsho oluncinane onokukwenza lunokukunceda ukuba uphakamise kwaye ushukumise ngakumbi kulo lonke usuku lwakho.
2 - Ukuba ngumntu othembekileyo malunga neMpilo yakho
Abantu nabo banelungelo lokuba nethemba ngamathuba abo okuphumelela kunye nempilo entle, into edlalwa ngokuba yinto enokubakhomba okanye ukunyaniseka. Ukuba ubuza abantu ukuba baqikelele ukuba kwenzeka njani ukuba baya kufumana into enjengengozi, isifo esibi, umtshato, okanye ukulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi, baya kuba bancipha amathuba okwenyani ukuba iziganeko ezinjalo ziyakuchukumisa ubomi babo.
Ngokwahlukileyo, abantu banokuthi bakholelwe ukuba ubomi babo buzaliswa ngeemeko ezintle ezifana nokufumana imali ephezulu, ukuhlala amakhaya abo, nokuhlala ubomi obude.
Ngoko ke uluphi uluhlu olunokuba nethemba lokudlala kwiinqunto ozenzayo ngalunye ngempilo yakho?
Ngenxa yokuba sivame ukugqithisa amathuba okuba izinto ezintle zisenzeka kuthi kwaye singathandabuli amathuba okuchaphazela ubomi bethu, sinokuthi sikholwe ukuba ukuziphatha okungenampilo okanye ukuziphatha kakubi kuya kuba nefuthe elibi kwimpilo yethu.
Oku kunokuba yinyaniso ngokukodwa xa sikholelwa ukuba iziphumo ezimbi zingabonakali okanye zingenakwenzeka. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba umdlavuza wesikhumba sisifo esingaqhathananga, unokuqhubeka ucikiza kwaye ulahla ukusetyenziswa kwesikrini ngenxa yokuba ucinga ukuba akuqhelekanga ukuba kukho umntu ochaphazelekayo ngesifo. Awugcini nje ukuthobela ubuninzi bentsholongwane yomhlaza wesikhumba, kodwa ukunyaniseka kukukhokelela ekunyaniseni ukuba umdlavuza wesikhumba uza kukuphazamisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ukhetho lwezempilo kunye nokuziphatha.
Ngokuqinisekileyo oku akuthethi ukuba ukuba nethemba kukubi. Ukuba nesimo sengqondo esihle kwaye sikholwe ukuba izenzo zethu zingenza umehluko ngokuqhelekileyo oko kusishukumisela ukuba siphishekele iinjongo zethu kwaye sihlanganyele kwimisebenzi enempilo kwindawo yokuqala.
Ngelishwa, abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba ukunqoba ukunyaniseka kunokuba nzima kakhulu. Olunye uphando olwenziwe ukunciphisa i-bias ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifana nokubeka uluhlu lwemingcipheko kunye nezizathu zokubangela ukuba zingasengozini, zonke iindlela ezisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa i-bias zaphela zikhonza ukunyusa.
Isicwangciso esisodwa esinokusebenza siquka ukuthelekisa nabantu abasondeleyo okanye abafana nawe. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba unabohlobo abasondeleyo kunye namalungu entsapho abathintekile ngumhlaza wesikhumba, unokuba lunokwenene ekuhlolweni kwakho kweengozi zakho.
3 - Ukukhathazeka Ngezinto ezincinci ezinobungozi kunye nokunyamekela okungakumbi izingozi
Xa abantu benza izigqibo , ngakumbi abo bangabikho kokungaqiniseki, banomdla wokungahoyiki amathuba okuba kwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi abantu abazitholiyo bezele uloyiko kunye noloyiko xa beqala imoto yabo kodwa abantu abaninzi banamava amaninzi xa behamba ngeenqwelo. Oku kungona ukuba ukufa kwengozi yemoto kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba uswele ekuhlaselweni kwendiza.
Isazi sengqondo sezeNtlalo uCass Sunstein sibhala ngoku kulandelwa kwamathuba okutyekela, ingcamango engqiqweni eyenza abantu bangezelele ngokugqithiseleyo iingozi ezincinane okanye bazinyameke ngokupheleleyo. Ezi zinto zingathintela inani lezinqumo zansuku zonke, kuquka ezo zichaphazela impilo yakho nenhlalakahle.
Omnye umzekelo abaphengululi baphando ngayo ukuba le ntlupheko inokuchaphazela njani izigqibo zabantu zokugqoka amabhande evili xa ugibela emotweni. Abanye abantu basenokuba besenokuba ukugqithisa ibhanti yesikhundla kunokubangela umngcipheko omkhulu kwimeko yengozi apho isithuthi sipholelwa ngamanzi okanye sitshiswa ngamatangatye, sicetyiswa ukuba isixhobo sokuzikhusela sinokubangela ukuba umntu abe ngumntu ongenakukwazi ukuphuma.
Lo mzekelo ubonisa isiganeko esincinane kakhulu, kodwa ukunyaniseka kokunganaki kukukhokelela abantu abathile ukuba bawaphelise amathuba okuba bangabikho okanye bangakuhoyi ukuba mhlawumbi baninzi amathuba engozi. Ukugqithisa okunjalo kunokukhokelela ekukhetheni kwezempilo-kwimeko, ukungakwazi ukumbathisa i-seatbelt nangona kubalwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukukhusela ubomi bomntu xa kwenzeka ukudibana.
Amaziko okuLawula nokuVimbela izifo aphakamisa ukuba izigidi zabantu abadala baseMerika bahluleki ukusebenzisa iibhanti zesikhundla kulo lonke uhambo, nangona kunjalo ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwebhanti yeyona ndlela yindlela enkulu yokunciphisa ukulimala nokubulawa kweziganeko zengozi.
Ngoko ke unokwenza ntoni ukuze unciphise ukuba kungenzeka ukuba ukunganaki ukunyaniseka kungakhokelela ekuthathweni kwezigqibo ezingalunganga xa kuziwa kwimpilo yakho? Uphando alucaci, kodwa uzinike ixesha lokulinganisela ukhetho, uthathe ingqwalasela enkulu kwiimeko ezinokuthi zihambelana nomxholo ngamnye, kwaye izikhokelo zempilo ezibonelelwa ngabaqeqeshi bezonyango zingakunceda ekukhethweni okungcono.
4 - Ukunamathela kwiNqanaba leMeko kunye nokuNqaba Ukwamkela utshintsho
Ukuba ufana nabantu abaninzi, unokufumana ukhangele phambili kwiinshorensi zakho zempilo nsuku zonke ukuqinisekisa ukuba isicwangciso esingcono kuwe nentsapho yakho. Ngaba unamathela kwisicwangciso sakho samanje okanye uhamba kunye nesitsha? Enye ihlazo elincinci elincinci elingaba nendima ekunqumeni ukuba yiyiphi inketho oyikhethayo iyaziwa njenge-status quo bias. Abantu bavame ukukhetha ukuba izinto zihlala zifana nangoko, nangona ukwenza utshintsho oluthile lunokubangela ukuba luncedo kwiinzuzo ezinkulu. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu banamathele ngakumbi ukuba banamathele kwizinto abaziyo kunokuba bathathe ingozi kwizinto ezingaziwa.
Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba ngelixa abasebenzi abancinci befuna ukutshintshela kwisicwangciso sezempilo esineeprayimari ezantsi kunye nezithintelo, abasebenzi basebekhulile babengenakukwazi ukutshintsha kwaye bakhetha ukunamathela kwiiplani zabo ezindala "ezilindelekileyo nezinyaniso".
Ubume bemeko yeso sizathu esinye esenza ukuba abo basondelene nobudala beminyaka yobudala bangaba bazimisele ukubeka umngcipheko kwiimeko ezingcono, kodwa nokuba nazo zingabhubhisa, isicwangciso sezempilo. Ilahleko ezikhoyo ezinokuthi zibangelwe ukutshintsha zihlala zikhudlwana kwiingqondo zabantu, zenze ukuba zigxininise ngakumbi ekulahlekeni-ukukhuselwa kunokuba zizuze iinzuzo. Oku kuya kuba yinyani ngokunyanisekileyo njengoko abantu beza kwiminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphantsi kwaye banomuva wokuba baninzi nakwixesha elincinci lokwenza nayiphina impazamo.
Ubume be-quo bias bungachaphazela kakubi impilo kwimimandla enjengeyo apho abantu banamathela kwisicwangciso esinikela ngokufihlakeleyo ngaphandle kokutya ukutshintsha imeko yabo yangoku. Kwezinye iimeko, nangona kunjalo, isimo se-quo bias sinokubonelela ngenzuzo yokukhusela impilo. Ngokunciphisa ubungozi, abantu abanako ukufumana ilahleko ezinokuthi zichaphazele kakubi impilo yabo nentlalo.
Iingcamango Zokugqibela
Izigqibo ozenzayo imihla ngemihla zinokuba neempembelelo ezincinci kunye nempembelelo enkulu kwimpilo yakho kunye nenhlalakahle. Ezinye izigqibo ziya kuba zilungile, ezinye izigqibo zilungile, kwaye ezinye zingabangela ingozi. Ukuqaphela ezinye zeengcinga eziphambukayo ezingqondweni ezidlala indima kwizigqibo ozenzayo kunokukunceda wenze izigqibo ezingcono xa kuziwa kwimpilo yakho.
Imithombo:
Amacandelo okuLawula nokuKhuselwa kwezifo. "Izibhande zokuhlala: Fumana amaqiniso." Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/seatbelts/facts.html; 2015.
Perloff, uLinda S; UBarbara K. Fetzer. "Ukuzigweba ezinye izigwebo kunye nobungozi bokubandezeleka". Umbhalo woBuntu kunye neNzululwazi yeNtlalo, 50: 502-510; 1986.
Samuelson, W., & Zeckhauser, R. "Ubume bemeko kwisenzo sokwenza izigqibo." Umbhalo weengozi kunye nokungaqiniseki, 1, 7-59; 1988.
I-Weinstein, i-ND, ne-Klein, i-WM "Ukunyanzelwa koMngcipheko woMntu woMngcipheko wokuNciphisa ukungenelela". I-Psychology yezeMpilo, 14 (2): 132-140; 1995.