Ukuphulukana ngokukhawuleza yinto ebandakanya ngokukhawuleza indlela yokuziphatha eyayicatshangelwa ukuba iphela. Oku kuya kusebenza kwiimpendulo eziye zaqulunqwa ngohlobo lwesibini kunye nesimo sokusebenza. Ukuphulukana ngokukhawuleza kunokuchazwa njengokubuyiselwa kwempendulo ehambelanayo emva kwexesha lokuphumla okanye ixesha lokuphendula okuncinci. Ukuba i-stimulated and stimulus stimulus ayifumanisekanga, ukuphela kwayo kuya kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphulukana ngokukhawuleza.
U mzekelo
Nangona ungaziqhelani nembali yembali yengqondo, mhlawumbi uvile ngeenzame ezidumile ze-Ivan Pavlov. Kuvavanyo lukaPavlov lweklasi , izinja zazifakwe kwisimo sokumisela kwisandi seetoni. Isandi seetoni sasihlanganiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokunikezwa kokutya. Ekugqibeleni, isandi sentetho yedwa yikhokelela izinja ukuba zenzeke. I-Pavlov yaqaphela kwakhona ukuba ayisekho ukudibanisa ithoni kunye nokunikezwa kokutya kubangele ukuphela, okanye ukunyamalala kwindlela yokuphendula.
Ngoko kwakuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba kukho "ixesha lokuphumla" apho kwakungekho nto yokuvuselela. IPavlov yafumanisa ukuba emva kwexesha lokuphumla kweeyure ezimbini, ukuphendulwa kwe-salivation ngokukhawuleza kwavela xa ithoni ithuliswa. Okubalulekileyo, izilwanyana zitshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza iimpendulo ezazikade ziphela.
Ngomnye umzekelo, khawucinge ukuba uye wasebenzisa i-classical conditioning ukuze uqeqeshe inja yakho ukulindela ukutya nanini na ukuva ukubetha kwentsimbi.
Xa ukhala intsimbi, inja yakho iya ekhitshini ihleli ngesitya sayo sokutya. Emva kokuba impendulo ibe yimeko, uyeka ukuhambisa ukutya emva kokubetha insimbi. Emva kwexesha, impendulo iyacinywa, kwaye inja yakho iyeka ukuphendula kwisandi. Unqande ukubetha insimbi yonke, kodwa iintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko uthatha isigqibo sokuzama ukubetha insimbi kwakhona.
Inja yakho igxobhoza egumbini kwaye ilinde ngesitya sayo, ibonise umzekelo opheleleyo wokuphulukana ngokukhawuleza kwempendulo.
Ukubuyiselwa ngokukhawuleza kusebenza
Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni ukuphulukana ngokukhawuleza kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo, kubalulekile ukuba uqale ngokuqonda inkqubo yohlobo lweklasi .
Isimo sengqondo esifanelekileyo senzeke njani:
- Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya ukwenza umbutho phakathi kokuvuselela ukungathathi hlangothi kunye nefuthe elingenakunqununu olwenza ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye lenze ngokuzenzekelayo impendulo. Ukuqhaqhazela ekuphenduleni isandi esikhulu sokukhawuleza ekuphenduleni ukuvumba kokupheka kwesidlo ehovini yimizekelo yomibini yezinto ezingenakunqandwa. Impendulo yakho kulezi zinto zenzeke ngokuzenzekelayo ngaphandle kokufunda, oko kutheni kubhekiselwa kuyo njengempendulo engavumelekanga .
- Emva kokubamba ngokuphindaphindiweyo into ethile nge-stimulus engavumelekanga, i-stimulus yangaphambili engazange ithathe intambo iza kuqala ukuqala ukuphendula okufanayo, ngexesha apho libizwa ngokuba yi- stimulus . Ukuphendula okufundiweyo kwi-stimulus emiselweyo ngoku kuthiwa yiyo mpendulo .
Ngokomzekelo, kwi- Little Albert eyaziwayo, abaphandi uJohn B. Watson kunye noRosalie Rayner baphinda badibanisa isandi esikhulu (i-stimulus engenakulinganiswa) kunye nokunikezwa kwilungu elimhlophe (ukungahambisani nokungathathi hlangothi).
Umntwana ekusebenziseni kwabo ngaphambili wayengenakwesaba ngesilwanyana kodwa ngokukrakra uyesabisa ngomsindo omkhulu (impendulo engenakunyanzeliswa). Emva kokubambisana kweengxolo kunye nombono we-rat, ekugqibeleni umntwana waqala ukubonakalisa ukwesaba (ngoku ngoku kwaziwa ngokuba yimpendulo enemimiselo) nanini na xa ebona i-rat emhlophe (i-stimulus).
Ngoko kwenzeka ntoni ukuba uWatson noRayner bayeke ukudibanisa i-rat kunye nengxolo? Ekuqaleni, umntwana wayenokwesaba. Emva kweziganeko ezininzi zokubona isilwanyana kungekho nasandi sisandi, ukwesaba komntwana kuya kuqala ukutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ekugqibeleni unokuyeka ukubonakalisa ukwesaba.
Kutheni kubalulekile ukubuyiswa ngokukhawuleza
Kodwa ukuba impendulo enemimiselo iyakucima, ngaba iyanyamalalala ngokupheleleyo? Ukuba uWatson noRayner babesele banikela inkwenkwe encinane ngaphambi kokubuyisela kwakhona i-rat, u-Little Albert wayenokubonakalisa ukuphulukana ngokukhawuleza kokuphendula ukwesaba.
Kutheni ukuphulukana ngokukhawuleza kubaluleke kangaka? Le nto ibonisa ukuba ukuphela kwayo akufani into efanayo nokungafumani. Nangona impendulo ingase iphele, oko akuthethi ukuba lilibalekile okanye lisuswe.
Emva kokuba impendulo ekhutshiwe iphelile, ukuphulukana ngokukhawuleza kunokunyuka ngokukhawuleza njengoko ixesha lidlulayo. Nangona kunjalo, impendulo ebuyisiwe ngokuqhelekileyo ayiyi kuba namandla afana neempendulo zangaphambili ngaphandle kokuba kwenziwe enye imeko. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamanani amaninzi okulandelwayo ngokuphindaphinda kubangelwa ukuphendula ngokuthe gqolo. Ukuphulukana ngokukhawuleza kunokuqhubeka nokuqhubeka, kodwa impendulo iya kuba nzima.
Imithombo:
Schacter, DL, Gilbert, DT, & Wegner, iDM Psychology. I-New York: AbaPashi Abafanelekileyo; 2011.
UWatson, uJB noRayner, uR. Umbhalo weNzululwazi yengqondo. 1920; 3: 1-14.