Kwinkqubo yokumisa imeko, ukuveliswa kwe-generalization ukuthambekela kwimeko ekhuthaziweyo yokukhupha iimpendulo ezifanayo emva kokuba impendulo ifakwe. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umntwana ulungelelwe ukwesaba umvundla omhlophe ogqityiweyo, uya kubonisa ukwesaba izinto ezifana nesimo esishukumisayo esifana nesilwanyana esimhlophe.
Omnye uvavanyo oludumileyo lwezesayikholo lubonisa ngokucacileyo indlela i-stimulus generalization isebenza ngayo.
Kwi-classic ye- Little Albert yokulinga, abaphandi uJohn B. Watson kunye noRosalie Rayner bafungisa inkwenkwe encinane ukuba bayesabe i-rat.
Abaphandi baphawula ukuba le nkwenkwe yafumana ukuvuselela ngokubonisa ukwesaba ekuphenduleni into efana neyoyinja, umvundla, isambatho senwele, isilevu esimhlophe saseSanta, kunye neenwele zikaWatson. Endaweni yokwahlula phakathi kwento yokwesaba kunye nesimo esifanayo, inkwenkwe leyo yaba neengxaki izinto ezifana nokubonakala kumhlophe omhlophe.
Kutheni Kubalulekile
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba indlela yokuvuselela i-generalization iyakwenza njani iimpendulo kwi-stimulus emiselweyo. Xa umntu okanye isilwanyana sele saqeqeshwe ukuba siphendule kwi-stimulus, i-stimuli efanayo efanayo inokuvelisa impendulo efanayo. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kunokuba yingxaki, ingakumbi kwiimeko apho umntu kufuneka akwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwe-stimuli aze aphendule kuphela ukukhuthazwa okuthe ngqo.
Umzekelo, ukuba usebenzisa i-conditioning ukuqeqesha inja yakho ukuhlala, ungasebenzisa unyango wokwakha umbutho phakathi kokuva igama elithi "Hlala" kwaye ufumana unyango. I-stimulus generalization ingabangela ukuba inja yakho iphendule ngokuhlala xa ivale imiyalelo efanayo, enokuyenza inkqubo yoqeqesho ibe nzima.
Kule meko, uya kusebenzisa ukunyanzeliswa kokukhuthaza ukuqeqesha inja yakho ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemilayezo yezwi eyahlukeneyo.
I-stimulus generalization ingasichaza nokuba kutheni into ethile ihlala ichaphazela izinto ezininzi ezifanayo. Umntu oloyiko lwezigolisi ngokuqhelekileyo akayi kuyika uhlobo olulodwa lwesigcawu. Kunoko, loloyiko luya kusebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo kunye nobukhulu beengcambu. Umntu usenokukwesaba iincinci zokudlala kunye nemifanekiso yeengcambu. Olu loyiko lunokuthi lwenzeke kwezinye izidalwa ezifana nezigulane ezinjengezinye iibhugi kunye nezinambuzane.
Uhlobo lweClassical and Operant Conditioning
I-generalization generalization ingenzeka kwiimeko zombini kunye nesimo sokusebenza.
Ukwesaba kukaAlbert Albert wezinto zobomhlophe ezimhlophe ngumzekelo omhle wendlela ukuveliswa kwemvelo kusebenza ngayo kwimeko yokudala. Ngethuba umntwana wayekade ehlanjululwa ukuba abe novalo olumhlophe, uloyiko lwakhe luye lwazaliswa kwizinto ezifanayo.
Kwiimeko ezisemgangathweni, i-generous generalization ichaza indlela esinokufunda ngayo into ethile kwaye siyisebenzise kwezinye iimeko ezifanayo.
Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba abazali bayayilumkisa unyana wabo ngenxa yokungahlambululi igumbi lakhe. Ekugqibeleni ufunda ukuhlambulula imilasi yakhe ukuphepha ukugwetywa.
Esikhundleni sokuba afunde ngokuziphatha kwesikolo, usebenzise imigaqo efanayo awayeyifunayo ekhaya ekusebenzeni kwakhe eklasini aze ahlambulule iimpahla zakhe phambi kokuba utitshala angamhlwaya.
Ukunyuswa kobuthathaka
Nangona kunjalo, isifundo sinokufundiswa ukubandlulula phakathi kwesistim esifanayo kunye nokuphendula kwimeko ethile. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba inja iye yaqeqeshwa ukugijima kumnini wayo xa iva umlozo. Emva kokuba inja imisiwe, inokuthi iphendule izandi ezahlukeneyo ezifana nomkhwelo. Ngenxa yokuba umqeqeshi ufuna inja ukuba iphendule kuphela kwisandi esithile somloli, umqeqeshi angasebenza kunye nesilwanyana ukuze amfundise ukubandlulula phakathi kwezandi ezahlukeneyo.
Ekugqibeleni, inja iya kuphendula kuphela kumkhwelo kwaye ingabi kwamanye amathoni.
Kwenye inzame eyenziwa ngo-1921, umphandi uSheerer-Krestovnika wabambisana nesinambiso somzimba (oku kungumququzelelo ongenakunqunyanyiswa kulo mzekelo) kunye nombuthano. Izinja zaze zafunda ukukhawuleza (eziphi iimpendulo ezimiselweyo ) naxa zibona isangqa.
Abaphandi baphinde babone ukuba izinja zaziza kuqalisa xa zinikwa i-ellipse, eyayifana kodwa ihluke ngokuthe ngqo kwimilo yesangqa. Emva kokuhluleka ukubambisana nombono we-ellipse kunye nenkuko yenyama, izinja zazikwazi ukubandlulula ekugqibeleni phakathi kwesangqa kunye ne-ellipse.
Njengoko uyakubona, ukuvuselela i-generalization kungabangela impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwimpendulo kwi-stimulus. Ngamanye amaxesha abantu bayakwazi ukubandlulula phakathi kwezinto ezifanayo, kodwa kwezinye iziganeko, ukuchithwa okufanayo kufana nokuvusa impendulo efanayo.
ILizwi
I-stimulus generalization ingadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokumisa imeko. Ngamanye amaxesha kunokukhokelela kwizimpendulo ezinqwenelekayo, ezifana nendlela yokuziphatha kakuhle kwiimeko ezithile kunokudlulisela ukubonisa iimpawu ezifanayo kwezinye izicwangciso.
Kwezinye iimeko, ukuthambekela ukuvelisa phakathi kwezinto ezifanayo kungaholela kwiingxaki. Ukungakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwemiyalelo emibini kunokukwenza ukuba inkqubo yokufunda ibe nzima kwaye ingakhokelela kwizimpendulo ezingalunganga. Ngethamsanqa, imimiselo efanayo yemimiselo esetyenziselwa ukufundisa ukuziphatha okutsha ingasetyenziswa kwakhona ekuncedeni abafundi ukuba bachaze phakathi kwesimo esifanayo kwaye baphendule kuphela ukuvuselela okufunayo.
> Imithombo:
> Franzoi, SL. I-Psychology: I-Experience Experience. UMason, OH: UCengage Learning; 2015.
> Nevid, JS. I-Psychology: Iingcamango kunye nezicelo. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth; 2013.