Indlela u-Ivan Pavlov afunyenwe ngayo kwiClassical Conditioning
Inja yePavlov iilingo zadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufunyenwe kweminye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwiingqondo. Nangona okokuqala kwafunyanwa ngengozi, ezi zilingo ezidumileyo zakhokelela ekufunyanweni kwemeko yeklasi. Oku kufumene kwaba negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu indlela ukufunda kwenzeka ngayo kunye nophuhliso lwesikolo sokuziphatha kwengqondo.
Inja yePavlov: Imvelaphi
Uvavanyo olwenziwe njani kwi-digestive response kwizinja lubangela enye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu kwizinto zengqondo? U-Ivan Pavlov wayengumzimba we-Russian physologist owaziwayo ophumelele ukuphumelela ngo-1904 iNobel Prize yomsebenzi wakhe ekufundeni iinkqubo zokugaya ukutya. Kwakukho ngexesha lokufunda ukugaya kwizinja ukuba uPavlov ubonise into ekhangayo - izifundo zakhe zaza kuqala ukuqalisa xa uncedisi engena kwigumbi.
Ingcamango yenkcazo yeklasi ifundiswa ngumfundi ngamnye wokungena kwengqondo kwengqondo, ngoko kuya kumangalisa ukufunda ukuba indoda eyayiqaphela okokuqala yayingeyona ingcali yeengqondo.
Ngophando lwakhe lokutya, uPavlov kunye nabancedisi bakhe babeza kuzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezidliwayo kunye nezingezizo ezidliwayo kwaye zilinganise ukuveliswa kwemathambo ukuba izinto ezivelisiweyo. Uluhlu, wathi, yinkqubo yokucinga. Kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo ngokuphendula kwisimo esithile kwaye akukho phantsi kokulawula.
Nangona kunjalo, uPavlov waphawula ukuba izinja zazivame ukuqala ukukhawuleza ekungabikho kokutya nokuvumba. Wabona ngokukhawuleza ukuba le mpendulo engabalulekanga yayingekho ngenxa yokuzenzekelayo, inkqubo yomzimba.
Ukuphuhliswa kwe-Classical Conditioning Theory
Ngokusekelwe kwimbono yakhe, uPavlov wacetyisa ukuba u-salivation wawuphendule.
Izinja zaziphendulela kumbono oomncedisi onobungcali obomhlophe, apho izilwanyana zazifikile ukudibanisa nokutya. Ngokungafani nempendulo yempembelelo ekunikezeni ukutya, okuyiyo ingcamango engenanto, ukukhawuleza ekulindeni kokutya kuyinkcazo ecacileyo.
UPavlov wagxininisa ekuphandeni ngokuchanekileyo ukuba zezi zimpendulo zenziwe njani okanye zifunyenwe. Kwisiqendu sezilingo, uPavlov uzimisele ukuphambanisa impendulo ehambelanayo kwi-stimulus yangaphambili. Ukhethile ukusebenzisa ukutya njengento engavumelekanga , okanye ivuselelo elivusa impendulo ngokwemvelo nangokuzenzekelayo. Isandi se-metronome sanyulwa ukuba sibe sisiphumo sokungathathi hlangothi. Izinja zaziza kuqala zivelele kwisandi se-metronome, kwaye ke ukutya kwavela ngokukhawuleza.
Emva kokuvavanywa kweemvavanyo ezininzi, uPavlov wachaza ukuba izinja zaqala ukugquma emva kokuva i-metronome. "I-stimulus eyayingathathi hlangothi kwaye yodwa yayingqongqo kwizenzo zengxowankulu yokutya," uPavlov wabhala ngeziphumo. "Sasiqaphele ukuba, emva kokuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiweyo kokuvuselela, izandi ze-metronome zazifumene ipropati yokukhusela i-salivary secretion." Ngamanye amazwi, i-stimulus yangaphambili (i-metronome) yaba yinto eyaziwa njenge- stimulus ehambelanisiweyo eyenza iphendule imimiselo (salivation).
Impembelelo yoPhando lukaPavlov
Ukufunyanwa kwePavlov ye-classical conditioning yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yengqondo. Ukongezelela ekwakheni isiseko sento eya kuba yimizimba yesimo sengqondo , inkqubo yokumisa imeko ihlala ibalulekile namhlanje kwizicelo ezininzi, kubandakanya ukuguqulwa kokuziphatha kunye nokunyangwa kwezempilo yengqondo. Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zisoloko zisetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-phobias, ukuxhalaba kunye neengxaki zokuphazamiseka.
Omnye umzekelo onomdla wokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo- migaqo ye- classical usetyenziso lweengcamango zokuthintela ukukhusela ama-coyotes ukusuka ekuthwaleni imfuyo yasekhaya.
Isimo sokukhwabanisa esifanelekileyo senzeke xa kuqhutyelwa i-stimulus yokungathathi hlangothi (ukutya uhlobo oluthile lokutya) kubhanjiswe ngempendulo engavumelekanga (ukugula emva kokutya ukutya).
Ngokungafani nezinye iimeko zesimo sokuqala , lolu hlobo lwesimo alufunanga ukudibanisa ezininzi ukuze inhlangano iqulunqe. Enyanisweni, ukunambitheka ngokuqhelekileyo kubakho emva kokubambisana nje. Abaqhankqalazi baye bafumanisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokubeka le fom yeemeko eziqhelekileyo ukuba zisebenzise kakuhle ukukhusela umhlambi wazo. Ngomnye umzekelo, i-mutton yayifakwe kwisilwanyana esibangela isicupucu esinzima. Emva kokutya inyama enetyhefu, i-coyotes yabe igwema umhlambi weegusha kunokuba ihlasele.
Nangona ukufunyanwa kwePavlov ye-classic conditioning kwakha inxalenye ebalulekileyo yembali yengqondo, umsebenzi wakhe uyaqhubeka ukukhuthaza uphando oluthe ngakumbi namhlanje. Phakathi konyaka ka-1997 no-2000, amaqendu angaphezu kwama-220 avela kwiingxelo zenzululwazi zikhankanya uphando lwePavlov olusesikweni kwimeko yesimo.
Iminikelo yakhe kwiengqondo zinookunceda ukwenza uqeqesho kwanamhlanje kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuqhubeka nokulolonga ukuqonda kwethu ukuziphatha kwabantu kwiminyaka ezayo.
> Imithombo
> Gustafson, CR, Garcia, J., Hawkins, W., & Rusiniak, K. Ukulawulwa kwexesha likaCoyote ngokumisa imimiselo. Sayensi. 1974; 184: 581-583.
> Gustafson, CR, Kelly, DJ, Sweeney, M., & Garcia, J. I-Prey-lithium aversions: I. I-Coyotes neengcuka. Biology. 1976; 17: 61-72.
> Hock, RR Izifundo ezingamashumi amane zatshintsha ingqondo: Ukuhlola kwiimbali zengqondo yengqondo. (4th ed.). ENew Jersey: i-Pearson Education; 2002.
> IPavlov, IP Reflexes. I-London: I-Oxford University Press; 1927.