Icandelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokufunda yentlalo
Ummandla wophuhliso oluxhasayo (ZPD) lububanzi bezakhono umntu angenza ngayo ngoncedo, kodwa akakwazi ukwenza ngokuzimela.
Inkcazo kaVigotsky yeZPD
Uphuhliso oluxhomekeke kummandla ngumgaqo owenziwe ngumongameli weengqondo uVev Vygotsky . Ngokutsho kukaVigotsky, ummandla wophuhliso oluphambili:
"umgama phakathi kwenqanaba lophuhliso loqobo njengoko lugqitywe ngxaki yokuzixazulula ngokuzimeleyo kunye nenqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwamandla njengoko kunqunyulwe ngxaki yokufumana ingxaki phantsi kolawulo lwabantu abadala okanye ngokubambisana nabalingane abanolwazi." (Vygotsky, 1978)
Kubaluleka "Kweminye Eyaziwayo"
Ingcamango "yolwazi oluninzi" lulula kwaye lucacisa. Olunye ulwazi olunolwazi ngumntu onomgangatho ophezulu wolwazi kunomfundi. Ngomnye onolwazi onika isikhokelo kunye nemfundo ebalulekileyo ngexesha lokufunda. Nangona umntwana engenako ukukwazi ukwenza into eyedwa, unako ukwenza lo msebenzi ngoncedo lomqeqeshi onobuchule.
Ubaluleka bokusebenzisana kweNtlalo
Olunye ulwazi olunolwazi luhlala luba ngumzali, utitshala, okanye omnye umntu omdala, kodwa oku akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, oontanga banceda ngoncedo kunye nokufundisa. Ngexesha elide lobomi bomntwana, banokukhangela oontanga ngaphezu kokuba bajonga abantu abadala. Iminyaka eyishumi elivisayo, xa ukwenza ubungqina kunye nokulungelelanisa kubaluleke gqitha, ngumzekelo omnye.
Abantwana kule minyaka bahlala bekhangelelwa oontanga babo ngolwazi malunga nendlela yokwenza nendlela yokugqoka.
UVigotsky wayekholelwa ukuba ukusebenzisana kontanga kwakuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokufunda. Ukuze abantwana bafunde izakhono ezintsha, wacetyiswa ukudibanisa abafundi abanamakhono abanezakhono ezingaphantsi.
Scaffolding
Xa abantwana beli candelo lophuhliso olukhawulezileyo, banikeze ngoncedo olufanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo, ezibhekiselele kuye njenge- scaffolding , unikeza abafundi oko bakudinga ukufezekisa umsebenzi omtsha okanye ubuchule.
Ekugqibeleni, ukutshabalalisa kungasuswa kwaye umfundi uya kukwazi ukugqiba umsebenzi ngokuzimela.
Izicelo zeZPD kwiKlasi
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ummandla wophuhliso oluxhasayo lujoliswe kuko. Njengoko umfundi ezuza izakhono ezintsha kunye nezakhono, le ndawo iyahamba ngokuqhubeka phambili. Ootitshala nabazali banokusebenzisa ngokunjalo ngokuqhubeka nokubonelela ngamathuba omfundo okwelula kancinane kolwazi nolwazi olukhoyo lwabafundi. Ngokunika abantwana imisebenzi abangenakuyenza lula ngokwabo kwaye banikele isikhokelo abayidingayo ukuba bafezekise, ootitshala bangaqhubela phambili phambili kwinkqubo yokufunda.
Ngokomzekelo, utitshala kwikhosi yezobuchopho zengqondo unokuqala ukubonelela abafundi ngokuqeqesha ngokunyathela ngamanyathelo abo. Emva koko, utitshala angasusa ngokukhawuleza ukutshatyalaliswa ngokunikezela ngeenkcazo okanye iinkcazo ezimfutshane zendlela yokuqhuba. Ekugqibeleni, abafundi baya kulindela ukuphuhlisa nokuqhuba iimvavanyo zabo ngokuzimeleyo.
Umthombo:
Vygotsky, LS. Ingqondo kunye noluntu: Ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo eziphezulu zengqondo . I-Cambridge, MA: i-University of Harvard Press; 1978.