Iziganeko ezinkulu kunye neziganeko ngokutsho kwePiaget
Isigaba sokuqalisa ukusebenza sisiqendu sesibini kwingcamango kaPiaget yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo . Eli nqanaba liqala malunga ne-2 ubudala njengoko abantwana beqala ukuthetha baze bade kudlule malunga ne-7 ubudala. Ngeli nqanaba, abantwana baqala ukubandakanya ukudlala ngokufuziselayo kwaye bafunde ukusetyenziswa kweempawu. Nangona kunjalo, uPiaget waqaphela ukuba abayayiqonda ingcamango yekhonkrithi.
Iimpawu zesigaba sokuSebenza
Isigaba sokulungiselela ukusebenza senziwa malunga nama-2 no-7 ubudala.
Uphuhliso lweelwimi lenye yezinto ezibonakalayo kweli xesha. UPiaget waqaphela ukuba abantwana abakwili nqanaba abayiqondi ingcamango yekhonkrithi, abakwazi ukulawula ngengqondo kwaye bengakwazi ukuthatha ingcamango yombono wabanye abantu, awabiza ngokuba yi- egocentrism .
Ngethuba lesigaba sokuqulunqa, abantwana banokuqonda ngokugqithiseleyo ekusebenziseni iimpawu, njengoko kuboniswe ukwanda kokudlala nokuzenza ngathi. Ngokomzekelo, umntwana uyakwazi ukusebenzisa into ukumela enye into, njengokuzenza ngathi i-broom ihashe. Ukudlala indima kubaluleke nakwixesha lokuqalisa ukusebenza. Abantwana badla ngokudlala indima "mama," "utata," "ugqirha," kunye nabanye abantu abaninzi.
I-Egocentrism KwiSigaba sokuSebenza
UPiaget wasebenzisa ubuninzi beendlela zobuchule kunye nobuchule ukuze afunde ubuchule beengqondo zabantwana. Enye yeendlela ezidumileyo zokubonisa u-egocentrism obandakanyekayo usebenzisa umboniso wesithathu weentaba.
Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa "Umsebenzi oThathu weNtaba," abantwana bacelwa ukuba bakhethe umfanekiso obonise umcimbi ababewubonile.
Ininzi abantwana banako ukwenza oku ngxaki. Okulandelayo, abantwana bayacelwa ukuba bakhethe umfanekiso obonisa oko omnye umntu oya kuwujonga xa ekhangele intaba kwindlela eyahlukileyo.
Ngokungaqhelekanga, abantwana basoloko bekhetha indawo ebonisa indawo yabo kwintaba. Ngokutsho kwePiaget, abantwana bafumana olu bunzima kuba abanako ukuthatha indlela yomntu omnye.
Abanye abaphandi baye baqhuba iimvavanyo ezifanayo. Kwisifundo esinye, abantwana baboniswa kwigumbi elincinci. Abantwana bakwazi ukubona kwidokodo elalifihliweyo emva kwefenitshala. Abantwana babethatyathwa kwigumbi eliqhelekileyo elinesigxina esifanelekileyo. Abantwana abancinane kakhulu abazange baqonde ukujonga emva kombhede ukuze bafumane i-toy, ngelixa abantwana abancinci bakhawuleza bafuna itekisi.
Iingcali zengqondo zentuthuko zibhekisela ekukwazi ukuqonda ukuba abanye abantu baneengcamango ezahlukeneyo, iingcamango, iimvakalelo, kunye neengqondo njengengcamango yengqondo.
Ugcino kwiSigaba sokuSebenza kwangaphambili
Olunye uvavanyo olwaziwayo lubandakanya ukubonakalisa kwengqondo yomntwana yolondolozo. Kwimvavanyo enye yolondolozo, ixabiso elilinganayo lombutho lithengiswa kwiingqimba ezimbini ezifanayo. Umbane kwisitya esinye siza kuthunyelwa kwindebe eyahlukeneyo, njengekombe elide nelincinci okanye inkomfa emfutshane neyobanzi. Abantwana babuzwa ukuba yeyiphi ikomityi inamanzi amaninzi.
Nangona bebona ukuba ixabiso lemali elinganayo lilinganayo, abantwana bahlala bekhetha indebe ebonakala ipheleleyo.
I-Piaget yenza inzame efana nokulondolozwa kwenani, ubude, ubunzima, ubunzima, umthamo kunye nobungakanani. Wafumanisa ukuba abantwana abambalwa babonisa naluphi na ukuqonda ulondolozo ngaphambi kokuba neminyaka emihlanu.
ILizwi
Njengoko unokuba uqaphele, ingqalelo enkulu yePiaget kwinqanaba lophuhliso lugxile kwizinto abantwana abangenakukwenza . Iingcamango ze-egocentrism kunye nolondolozo zijoliswe kwizinto ezinabantwana abangazange bakhule; abanako ukuqonda ukuba izinto zibukeka zihlukile kwabanye abantu kwaye izinto ziyakushintsha ngokubonakalayo ngeli gama zigcina iimpawu ezifanayo.
Nangona kunjalo, akuyena wonke umntu ovumelana novavanyo lukaPiaget lwezakhono zabantwana. Ngokomzekelo uMcwaningisi uMartin Hughes, wathi, isizathu sokuba abantwana bahluleke kwiintaba ezintathu zenziwa nje ukuba abazange baziqonde. Kwimvavanyo ebandakanyeka ngokusebenzisa iidonki, i-Hughes ibonise ukuba abantwana abaselula abaneminyaka engama-4 bakwazi ukuqonda iimeko ezivela kumaphuzu amaninzi okujonga, bebonisa ukuba abantwana babe ngabantwana abangaphantsi kobudala kunokuba uPagag akholelwe.
> Imithombo:
Rathus, SA. (2011). Ubuntwana kunye noLutsha: Iihambo zoPhuhliso. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth, iCengage Learning; 2011.
Santrock, JW. Izinto eziphambili zoPhuhliso lweZakhono zoBomi eBoston, MA: iKholeji yase-McGraw-Hill; 2014.
Sigelman, CK, & Rider, EA. Ubomi-uphuhliso lwabantu. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth, iCengage Learning; 2012.